Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essays

Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto composed by Karl Marx clarifies the historical backdrop of all social orders as the historical backdrop of class clashes, he guarantees that the force and course of all social orders is dictated by the methods of creation, as such when the method of creation no longer suits the relations of society there is an insurgency. He predicts that an insurgency is separating the low class and the bourgeoisie, and calls its coming inescapable. Marx contends that the bourgeoisies are not, at this point fit to manage, nor is their standard supportable, as such the working class will oust them and end all class enmities with the making of a boorish society. Be that as it may, Marx doesn't give enough credit to patriotism, nor does he attribute to the chance of bargain between the classes. Because of this he predicts a class war which never, and may never, happen. The primary area of the Communist Manifesto depicts the historical backdrop of all general public as the historical backdrop of class clashes. Asserting, that each general public is basically partitioned into, the oppressors and the persecuted. Besides, Marx includes, before, social orders were sorted out in increasingly complex blends and chains of command, however present day society is being part into two ‘hostile camps’. There has consistently been a ceaseless clash between the various classes; the final product of these contentions is consistently, either the all out concealment of the persecuted classes, or an upheaval, which prompts an update of society. He censures the reason for the partition of present day society into just two gatherings, on the fall of feudalism. These new class threats are between the low class, and the bourgeoisie. Marx sees the ascent of the bourgeoisie in Europe as the aftereffect of two or three components; right off the bat, he accepts that, the underlying components of the bourgeoisie, were created by the contracted burghers who advanced from the serfs of the medieval ages. Next, after the extraordinary colonization of the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years the market extended, prompting an incredible requirement for expanded creation. This incredible interest couldn't be done the trick by the medieval societies, as such they were supplanted with assembling. Be that as it may, the business sectors and the interest continued expanding and the assembling framework could no longer keep up, as such it additionally was supplanted, by Modern Industry. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth century and th... ... the progressive gatherings. These sorts of bargains occurred, and distinctive communist gatherings abandoned the thoughts of radical upset and rather sought after steady improvement through associations and parliament. Therefore the already consistent lessening in laborers state didn't proceed, rather the laborers began getting more rights, for instance widespread male testimonial. Likewise they battled for, and won, social and financial enhancements, for instance greater business dependability, higher wages and laws, for example, the Ten Hour Act of 1847 and the Factory Act of 1833. Such renewals, the expansion in the intensity of Unions and the capacity of the laborers to cast a ballot prompted practical trade offs between the classes, as such no class war occurred. Marx’s portrayal of European culture as driven by financial matters and partitioned by class lines is right. Anyway he neglects to see the extraordinary impact of patriotism and he doesn't engage bargain between the classes, in view of this he wrongly predicts the decimation of the industrialist framework and the bourgeoisies by the low class. Works Cited: McLellan, David. Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1977)

Hitler :: essays research papers fc

In the fall of 1922, the Germans approached the Allies for a ban on the reparations installments that they were required to pay as indicated by the Versailles Treaty (from World War I). The French government rejected the solicitation and involved the Ruhr, the essential modern region of Germany, when the Germans defaulted on their installments. The French occupation joined the German individuals to act against the occupation by organizing a general strike. The German government bolstered the laborers by giving them monetary help. Swelling expanded exponentially inside Germany making a developing worry over the Weimar Republic's ability to oversee Germany. In August 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor of Germany. On September 26, Stresemann requested the finish of the general strike in the Ruhr and chose to pay reparations. Legitimately accepting that there would be outrage and revolts to his declaration, Stresemann had President Ebert pronounce a highly sensitive situation. The Bavarian government was discontent with Stresemann's capitulation and proclaimed its own highly sensitive situation on a similar day as Stresemann's declaration. Bavaria was then administered by a triumvirate which comprised of Generalkommissar Gustav von Kahr, General Otto von Lossow (leader of the military in Bavaria), and Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser (administrator of the state police). Despite the fact that the triumvirate overlooked and even challenged a few requests that were straightforwardly from Berlin, before the finish of October 1923 it appeared that the triumvirate was losing heart. They had needed to dissent, however not if it somehow managed to obliterate them. Hitler trusted the time had come to make a move. The Plan It is still discussed who really concocted the arrangement to grab the triumvirate, some state Alfred Rosenberg, some state Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, while still others state Hitler himself. The first arrangement was to catch the triumvirate on the German Memorial Day (Totengedenktag) on November 4, 1923. Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser would be on a stand, taking the salute from the soldiers during a procession. The arrangement was to show up in the city before the soldiers showed up, shut off the road by setting up automatic rifles, and afterward get the triumvirate to join Hitler in the "revolution." The arrangement was thwarted when it was found (the day of the procession) that the motorcade road was all around secured by police. They required another arrangement. This time, they were going to walk into Munich and hold onto its key focuses on November 11, 1923 (the commemoration of the peace negotiation).

One Of The Most Prominent Abolitionist - Free Essay Example

Frederick Douglasss, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, is an important historical novel following the life of a prominent American figure. Despite the many hardships Douglass faced throughout his early life in slavery, he fought hard to become educated, and fight slavery academically. Douglass later had prominent careers as a writer, statesman, preacher and academic. In the mid-19th century when Douglass wrote, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, most people in the Northern part of the United States were neutral to issue of slavery. Frederick Douglasss writings were able to sway these people towards wanting to abolish slavery using many different devices describing the horrors of slavery. Douglass wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass not only to spread his story, but also as a political piece to spearhead the abolitionist movement. His work was essential towards abolishing slavery in the United States and worldwide. Religion was a very big part of Douglassrs life and he reflected that in his writings. He was able to relate the evils and immorality of slavery to the public through references to religious characters and texts. Frederick Douglassrs use of religion makes his story relatable to the public by showing the slaveholders using religion to justify their actions, Douglassrs shaken faith and comparing the conditions of slavery to biblical references. The slaveholders during the time, justified their brutality and intolerance towards slaves through religion. This tactic was commonly used by slaveholders in the South to both subdue the slaves from revolting and justify their actions for themselves. Douglass identifies slaveholders that were religious as the harshest to their slaveholders when he wrote, I should regard being the slave of a religious master the greatest calamity that could befall me. For of all slaveholders with whom I have ever met, religious slaveholders are the worst. I have ever found them the meanest and basest, the most cruel and cowardly, of all others. (Douglass) Frederick Douglass also uses religion to show the hypocrisy of specific characters such as,. Covey, Hopkins and many other slaveholders. Douglas focuses on Covey since he was particularly evil when he wrote, He seemed to himself equal to deceiving the Almighty. He would make a short prayer in the morning, and a long prayer at night; and, stra nge as it may seem, few men would at times appear more devotional than he. (Douglass, pg. 47). Douglass is describing Coveyrs personality when he says that Covey is deceiving God. Any religious person of the time knew not to skew religion nor deceive, so this shows Covey as a poser and a liar. Douglass also describes the depth of his lies when he wrote about his religious practices. Douglass describes Covey as appearing more devotional than other men which is important since Douglass is saying that Covey isnt truly religious but just seems to be. Douglass also shows that Covey was so mislead in his religious beliefs that Covey truly beliefs he is good Christian and is doing the right thing, Poor man! such was his disposition, and success at deceiving, I do verily believe that he sometimes deceived himself into the solemn belief, that he was a sincere worshipper of the most high God. (Douglass, pg. 47) Frederick Douglass is still able to be empathetic and almost forgiving to Covey despite his atrocities. This is important to describing the character of Frederick Douglass and sh owing him to the public to be a good person and Christian. By describing how slaveholders justified their actions through religion, Frederick Douglass was able to sway public opinion towards abolition. The horrors that Frederic Douglass suffered through slavery shook his religious foundations. Frederick Douglass would often open up and write an exclamation with a lot of passion to draw attention to his main points on slavery. He would describe religion in his exclamations in a way that didnt denounce the church nor God, but instead, appeal to the reader whether the situation is justified under the gospel. One of Frederick Douglassrs most quoted exclamations is, You are freedoms swift-winged angels, that fly round the world; I am confined in bands of iron! O that I were free! The glad ship is gone; she hides in the dim distance. I am left in the hottest hell of unending slavery. O God, save me! God, deliver me! Let me be free! Is there any God? Why am I a slave? I will run away. I will not stand it. Get caught, or get clear, Ill try it. I had as well die with ague as the fever. I have only one life to lose. I had as well be killed running as die standing. In this quote, Frederick Douglass is pleading to end his time in slavery. He is prepared to die trying to end his own struggles which is a strong statement to a reader that mightve been impartial to slavery during the time this was written. One of the most important parts of this quotation is Douglasss crisis of faith, where he demands to know how God can exist if he allows Douglass to be a slave. But instead of turning against God, Douglass turns the problem around: since there is a God, he reasoned, God will help him become free. From this point on in the story, Douglass is certain that its only a matter of time until he gains his freedom thanks to his strong religious beliefs. This logic is important to his followers since many of the abolitionists were devoted Christians and they believed that God wouldnt want slavery. Frederick Douglass continues this point when he wrote about how he felt when he thinks about the people he used teach in his illegal Sunday classes, I held my Sabbath school at the house of a free colored man, whose name I deem it imprudent to mention; for should it be known, it might embarrass him greatly, though the crime of holding the school was committed ten years ago. I had at one time over forty scholars, and those of the right sort, ardently desiring to learn. They were of all ages, though mostly men and women. I look back to those Sundays with an amount of pleasure not to be expressed. They were great days to my soul. The work of instructing my dear fellow-slaves was the sweetest engagement with which I was ever blessed. We loved each other, and to leave them at the close of the Sabbath was a severe cross indeed. When I think that those precious souls are today shut up in the prison-house of slavery, my feelings overcome me, and I am almost ready to ask, Does a righteous God govern the universe? and for what does he hold the thunders in his right hand of the spoiler. (Douglass, pg. 58) Douglassrs passion for education and care for others is important for setting him up as good Christian with the reader. Douglass ends this quotation by questioning how a righteous God can exist given him allowing slavery to exist, yet he continues to teach the other slaves religion and educate them at personal risk. If he didnt believe that God existed, then why would he put himself at risk of getting whipped or punished by the slaveholders for continuing to study and practice religion. Frederick Douglass truly believes that God backs abolition and that he will end slavery which is something that people can relate to and will follow. Frederick Douglass was exposed to very harsh conditions during his time in slavery that the typical civilian might not be able empathize with. He was able to strategically use religion to describe some of the people and scenarios he was put in. Frederick Douglas describes slavery as a power relationship where the owners must always keep the slaves in check. This means that some characters that may have started out at least relatively decent will quickly transform. One of these characters was Mrs. Auld when Douglass wrote, The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influence of slavery, soon became red with rage; that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord; and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon. (Douglass, ) He uses references to angels and demons as a way to easily show the change in personality and even the way she carried herself. A re ader would easily be able to see this and see that even the few slaveholders that might take care of their slaves are really evil. He also talks about how once someone gets power over someone else, whether they are good or bad, they will soon turn immoral. When slaves were in the fields or doing hard labor, they would often sing songs to try and lift their spirits. Frederick Douglass wrote about these. Every tone was a testimony against slavery, and a prayer to God for deliverance from chains. The hearing of those wild notes always depressed my spirit, and filled me with ineffable sadness. I have frequently found myself in tears while hearing them. The mere recurrence to those songs, even now, afflicts me; and while I am writing these lines, an expression of feeling has already found its way down my cheek. To those songs I trace my first glimmering conception of the dehumanizing character of slavery. I can never get rid of that conception. Frederick Douglass was able to help the abolitionist movement succeed through his story, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, by showing the slaveholders using religion to justify their actions, Douglassrs faith being shaken and comparing the conditions of slavery to biblical references. His writing was an important political tool that recruited many people whom were impartial to slavery to change their point of view. Douglass wrote in a way that reached the most people while still having enough rigor for it to be taken seriously by academics. He was especially effective in the way he used religion to show the immortality of slavery and the people supporting it. Douglass was so passionate in the way he wrote about the hypocrisies of religion in slavery that some people questioned if he was truly religious. He later responded to his critics in later editions and appendixes that indeed he was religious but that it was the slaveholders who were not religious. All of Frede rick Douglassrs efforts made him the most prominent abolitionist of his day and helped end slavery worldwide.

Home School Vs. Public School - 1638 Words

Home School vs. Public School There has been an ongoing discussion between parents and scientists about public school and home school. While homeschooling continues to grow in popularity, many people still have a negative view of it and it is not uncommon, even for friends and family, to criticize those who choose to home school their kids. Some say homeschooling your child will further them in their academic pursuits but hinder them in their social life. Each situation is different for each person, home school may work better for parents who wish to spend more time with their children but public school is the obvious option for most parents who do not want to stay at home teaching their child. Parents and others alike want to know if public school or home school has better results over all fields of life. Home school was not always as accepted as it is today. Throughout the early 1970’s homeschooling was basically prohibited in 45 states. However the current home school movement began in the late 1970â₠¬â„¢s when John Holt, an educational philosopher and supporter of school improvement, began arguing that official schools’ focus on rote learning created an oppressive classroom environment designed to make children obedient employees. Holt called for parents to release their children from formal education and instead follow a method today known as â€Å"unschooling.† During the 1980’s the tone of homeschooling changed as an increase of individuals entered the movement. These wereShow MoreRelatedHome School Vs. Public School1125 Words   |  5 PagesTommy Dimitratos Professor Dolnick English 102 20 July 2015 Home School vs. Public School School traditions in the United States are changing rapidly and nowadays many parents consider home education to be a more suitable option for their children. Though homeschooling was not popular in previous decades, it is now winning supporters back. Society gives attention to the problem of necessity of home school education. Many parents question what is best for their child’s education. Though supportersRead MoreHome Schooling vs. Public Schools561 Words   |  2 PagesHome-Schooling vs. Public Schools Not so long ago, home-schooling was something that most people had not even considered as a schooling option. In 1969, Raymond Moore and John Holt laid the groundwork for one of the greatest educational movements of our time. Since that time, the option of home schooling has expanded. The three different views about education are those people who believe that home schooling is the best form of education; those people who believe that public school is the bestRead MoreHome Education Vs. Public Schools Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesoffered to children in formal areas allocated for this purpose. These areas were mainly schools and colleges. A certain number of hours were assigned every day to the education in which the children would leave home in the morning for school spend the whole day being taught in a series of classes as well as co-curricular activities. On a normal school day, children would be taught different subjects that the school offers have some time allocated for phys ical education and sports and also have breaksRead MoreEssay on Home Schooling vs Public School1245 Words   |  5 PagesHome Schooling vs. Public Schooling By: Krystal Walls Krystalwalls1212@yahoo.com Eastern If you have children that are school age you have probably have thought about the options of home schooling vs. public schooling. You most likely have thought about how much would it cost or the amount of time it takes to teach home schooling. With the news articles out there about things that happen at schools you most likely have thought about how that would be on your child as well. One of the lastRead MorePublic School Vs. Home Schooling System905 Words   |  4 Pagesown preference on whether they want their children in a public school or home schooling system. They have to look at the advantages and disadvantages that come with making the right choice for their child’s education. Being home schooled, does not give the child the ability to be around new people. Some parents cannot afford for their child to be home schooled, and choose to have them enrolled in public school. Having students in a public school has a better learning aspect and more affordable. ParentsRead MoreEssay on Public Schools vs. Home Schooling2680 Words   |  11 Pagesadvocacy groups for public schools on one side and families who home school their children on the other side has left both sides wary of the motives of the other. In recent years, public schools have fought against the rights of home schoolers to join public school teams, to take instrumental lessons, join after-school clubs or in many other ways to participate in the school community. Websites, blogs and communities of home schoolers have sprung up criticizing public schools that â€Å"monopolize† theRead MoreHomeschooling Vs. Public Schooling893 Words   |  4 PagesHomeschooling vs Public Schooling It was Theodore Roosevelt who said, â€Å"To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society† (www.brainyquote.com). Parents have options when making decisions regarding their children’s education. While those who oppose homeschooling hold the belief that homeschooled children are socially backward and deprived. An argument for public schools is that parents benefit from the fruits of public schools everyday (McGrath, 2000). Although a public schooledRead MoreEssay about Home Schooling vs Public Schooling : Which One Is Better ?1102 Words   |  5 PagesHome Schooling vs. Public Schools: Which One is Better? Thesis Statement: Many parents question what is best for their child’s education, home schooling or public school. Home schooling can sometimes provide a more direct and focused education than public schools, Public School is better in many ways including the child’s social development. I. Home Schooling vs. Public Schooling II. The Pros and Cons of Home Schooling A. Home schooling can benefit both students and parents by providingRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education Ever since the founding of the United States of America, blacks have continuously been considered inferior to the white race. In the year of 1954, a substantial advancement in the fight for equality for blacks was prevalent. Countless prominent leaders of the United States realized the injustices that the blacks were forced to endure daily. Stated blatantly in the Declaration of Independence, it is said that all men are created equally. Disregarding the opinions of theRead MoreHomeschooling vs. Public School Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschooling vs. Public School Homeschooling vs. public school has been a public debate for quite a while now. Some parents choose homeschooling because of the protection their child gains and some choose public education because of the atmosphere. Most would claim that public schools aren’t teaching, less trying to create a religious fringe. However; both provide your child education but there are many advantages and disadvantages for both. When a child is homeschooled

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment - 1760 Words

It is a proven fact that when many people think about their future, they are most likely strictly considering things that will effect or benefit them or people close to them. Things such as the city that they will live or if they will have the same job five years down the road. Very few people think about what may be going on in the environment around them. Global warming, (which is also known as the greenhouse effect) is a rise in the entire temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. It has been receiving a lot of attention from scientists in the past few years. For the last 10,000 years, the Earth s climate has been extraordinarily beneficial to mankind. Humans have prospered tremendously well under a benign atmosphere, (Bates 28).†¦show more content†¦First off Global means above borders or international. Secondly Warming means an alarm that something bad will happen. For years, global warming was a scientific theory that was overlooked and disregarded by many except scientists that studied the subject. Since the 1970s, scientists discovered the earths temperature is steadily increasing, which will eventually lead to the earth facing numerous problems. The fear of these future problems were brought to the attention of the government, which led them to a sit down with scientists to try and find a way to solve this issue. The media has paid great attention to this by airing special programs about it and interviewing experts specialized in this field particularly to inform people that we as humans will all face the same consequences if we don’t do something about it. Society has begun to consider it a significant issue that may put our environment as well as our lives at risk. The recognition of Global warming set scientists on a mission to find out what causes this phenomena. Some of the main causes of Global Warming include air pollution, deforestation, and human activities. Scientists also discovered The Greenhouse Theory, which is kn own to cause an increase in the earth s temperature. The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet s atmosphere warms the planet s surface to a temperature above what it would be without it’s atmosphere. If a

Descriptive Essay Writing free essay sample

One of the most common essays available is the descriptive essay. In here, the writer is focused more on the details of the topic that he is discussing. More or less, the title of the essay serves as the introductory line for the rest of the article. As descriptive essay plays as a description written in a standard essay format way, these write ups are commonly used in most of writing assignments. Descriptive essays are somehow the easiest essay that anyone can write. Not only that it needs to be detailed and less flaws, these essays are widely used in the academic field and other aspects of corporate world. Though these essays are quite non-standardized, most of people prefer to use this format instead of using the other types of essays because in here, the writer is more sincere in write ups. The author usually do this kind of essays to share how they perceive something or just to tell some stories based from their experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Essay Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the common topics on this essay are those that portrays a person, a place, a memory, an experience or an object. The writer himself can choose whether to write the essay creatively or do it in ordinary description. On this essay, the writer is also open to any observation he may want to include as part of the details of the topic. Since this is a descriptive essay, the author has all the right to mention want he wanted to include to the article. Like any other article, writing a descriptive essay should also follow its standard essay format. To make sure that your thoughts are organized before pursuing writing your chosen topic for the essay, make a list of the details of the topics. Organize it first in a draft before writing it down as your finalized essay.

Titus, Hamlet And Prospero Are All Characters That Plot Revenge Agains Essay Example For Students

Titus, Hamlet And Prospero Are All Characters That Plot Revenge Agains Essay t those whowronged them. There are similarities and differences in the ways they decide todeal with their vengeance. Both Titus and Hamlet use death as their source of revenge. Titus kills the Queen of the Goths son, Alarbus, not unlike Hamlet who kills the Queen of Denmarks husband, the King, Claudius. The two of them both kill for a family member so they can rest in peace. Titus for his sons, and Hamlet for his father. However, Titus kills Alarbus quickly and without hesitation. On the other hand, Hamlet moves slowly to kill Claudius making sure he is the one to kill. Titus and Hamlet killed out of love for their blood. We will write a custom essay on Titus, Hamlet And Prospero Are All Characters That Plot Revenge Agains specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hamlet and Prospero both dealt with their situation differently although the outcome was the same, they got the revenge they wanted. Hamlet used his sword for vengeance and everyone ends up dying except for those chosen few. Conversely, Prospero uses his magic to teach his lesson and no one dies. Inversely, they are similar because they both made everyone think the opposite of what actually was. Hamlet made everyone think he was crazy. Prospero had everyone believing he was dead. The two were both betrayed by their own blood and handled the case in a different way. Titus and Prospero both know exactly what they need to do. Neither one of them pause or delayed their revenge, no unnecessary time was lost. Diversely, with Titus everyone seems to die, but, with Prospero death is not in his plan. To avenge his sons death is what Titus wants. Prospero wants to gain his dukedom back. They both knew what they wanted done and did it. Achieving revenge for what they believe is a characteristic that they all share. Although their methods differ the results are alike in the way that all three accomplished what they needed to move on.

Technology has bring us to a new scenery where readily available is potentiality of both opportunity and coercion. The WritePass Journal

Technology has bring us to a new scenery where readily available is potentiality of both opportunity and coercion. Introduction Technology has bring us to a new scenery where readily available is potentiality of both opportunity and coercion. IntroductionDomain of study:Exploring information in the outside world.Technology and Organization:Privacy issues in relation to CustomersPrivacy issues in relation to EmployeesConclusionRelated Introduction Technology has bring us to a new scenery where readily available is potentiality of both opportunity and coercion. On top of the one side technology have redefined whatever we do (for example message, production, distribution etc.) is very easier. On the other hand it have increased unprincipled practices like pilfering others information, downloading inappropriate equipment, tools, information or data and   stealing others acknowledgment card, credit card, number etc.,   and misuse it . (Whitaker, 1999; Sheikh et al., 2000). People encompass to hide their secret. Departing online means that anything you converse can be read and tracked with no trouble. In present scenario we can exchange a few words with anyone everywhere in the world through easy source of internet. E-commerce and internet publicity are booming day by day, this change in the resources of communication have let enormous amount of our data and activities we did to be composed and stored in the databases of individuals who provide services like Internet service Providers (IPS) mobile and telephone operators, and others (Whitaker, 1999; Rauhofer, 2008   Laudon and Laudon, 2009). Information technologies facilitate in collection of information, storing and retrieving them when needed. It helps managers of different levels and other workers of the organisation in making decision, and maintaining coordination and control (Whitaker, 1999; Laudon and Laudon 2009). Today’s technological infrastructure has allowed us to access information easily and hence increased their value as well. Anything which can be digitized in a form of bits is information. Information has different values (for instance entertainment value, educational value etc.). The technology has made possible the delivery of information to the end users (Shapiro and Varian, 1999). The present article therefore critically, examine the affect of privacy about clients or customers and employees into relation with the companies. Within order to carry on so a apparent view of privacy , and how information are used and store is analysed first. This will be follow by how big business corporation are using advance technology to supervise workforce and how they are jamboree information from the clients are described Subsequent to that issue concerning clients privacy and workforce privacy are deiscussed. The succeeding section will talk about about whether privacy matters or not. The final conclusion is drained from all the debate. Nevertheless, there are numerous who dispute that privacy is deceased and we should gain knowledge of to get over it., also   there are a number of individuals who say there ought to be privacy and if any person tries to break the privacy they should be punshied. Domain of study: Clients or customers confidential information privacy means to make them relaxing in disclose their personal information as necessary by the administration (Hsu and Kuo, 2003; Sheikh et al., 2000; Akcura et al., 2009). According to the words of   Westin (1967) privacy is persons concern to manage terms and conditions under which his or her personal statistics is composed and used, personal data means the objects or figures or information which is linked with an identifiable personality. On or after business direct of view privacy is building customers at simplicity disclose their information essential for connection advertising. (Resnick and Montania, 2003) Exploring information in the outside world. Over the history of few years customers are more worried about the defeat of privacy because of the degeneration state of Internet which inculde of junk e-mail, track of users piece of paper narration from beginning to end like cookies and undesired contribution and giving out of user information for purpose incompatible with the original one, we can take the   example of the case of America Online which sell its consumers information such as private information, monetary information and current or previous or any othere internet deeds etc. (Milberg et al., 1995; Wanget et al., 1998; cited by Hsu and Kuo, 2003). Here the challenge is that for the customers is about that they doesn’t know who is accumulate their data and what is through with the information. Private information is composed from the consumer so that the seller can make a long term connection with the clients, if people are influenced that the corporation comply with privacy policies and rules then they may not be uncertain to share their information and as well as they might trounce with the unease related to privacy (Resnick and Montania, 2003). However, there are only a small number of people who in fact read the policies and rules. Depnding on the   report by Jupiter Media Metrix (Cyber Atlas, 2002) 40 percent providers or users understand the privacy policies earlier than construction a purchase .(Resnick and Montania, 2003). On the whole privacy concerned and not enthusiastic or agreed to share private information was seen as a danger or hazard to e-commerce by Clinton Administration. According to Green (1998)   a community opinion review has originate that for the reason that of privacy concern and individuals who are not online do not determination to go online. Other survey (Georgia Tech Research Corporation 1997, Privacy and American Business 1997) has create that users who are online refute to give information or supply false information if the location be unsuccessful to show why their information are being composed and how it is leaving to be used (Culnan, 2000). Collection of information and usage: According to Resnick and Montania (2003), the retailers collect the information from the customers in two ways: a)   active collection (client declared data). b)   inactive collection (behavioural and purchase information) The retailer can agree on the customers’ preference by: Click stream Tracking: it is a tool that track the data   about the customer activities and amass them in a record. It accounts the location you have logged in or visited and pages you visited on your place, time used up on every site and what you have purchase etc., Collaborative filter: it refers to a   software that track users actions on a spot which compare the information it gains about users performance, so that it can forecast what the client want in the container of other client with similar concentration   we can go for an example of amazon.com. According to the collected information the vendor or the retailer can then be familiar with about clients or the customers’ buying routine and their preference and use these information to particularly goal at advertising. The world famous search engine Google has completed more than ten billion dollars in the year 2006 from online ad’s. (Laudon and Laudon ,2003) Technology and Organization: The progression   in the information technology has render a lot of rules and policies and laws of slight or no outcome. There are some technical trends that are accountable for ethical quandary and they comprise the trend of twice computing supremacy in every 18 months and the collision of this trend has ended association rely on computer system for well-organized and efficient operation. The technical development has distorted the method we do business. The establishment should act in response with the change taking position in order to stay spirited in todays’ ever altering environment. One feature of the management to direct with the changes is to go after the technological ethics and set of laws. Organisations must classify the policy as on how they are going to make use of the possessions and what is the penalty are for misusing it (Sheikh et al., 2000). Latest data or information technical infrastructure has not only shaped opportunities but trouble as well, managers of the associations or organisations need to deal with these issues and be attentive of and greeting the influence of information scheme, so that they can get reimburse from the new technology they have taken (Laudon and Laudon, 2003). Several business managers be short of in information which marks in wrong conclusion , that is the cause why mainly of them rely on guesses and the result is not definite. In the end it reduce sales and clients as well, information technologies have facilitate manager to make use of concurrent data whereas making decision if we take the example of one of the biggest Bell operating companies in the United States called Verizon Corporation uses a Web based digital control panel which provide real time information concerning customers acquiescent network recital of each neighbourhood and damaged chart. Utilizing the data they get can obtain immediate deed for repair and preservation.(Laudon and Laudon, 2009) The organisations should distinguish among public and private, if workforce are to be monitor they must be knowledgeable before dispense. Generally all organisations these days use video cameras at way in and exit and frequently in parking and elevators. The cause behind this is for the protection and security of the regulars, clients, customers, staffs, equipments and the place as well. They can keep hold of and amass the tape for a exact period after that the tape should be shattered. This means information have to be held till its rationale for collecting vestiges and must be smashed when the purpose is satisfied. (Sheikh et al., 2000; CMA Management 2005) Information systems deliberate data in computer records which has extremely probability to be access by other. Consequently these kind of data are additional prone to fault, fraud and mistreatment therefore those organisations that depends mainly on digitized system knowledge heavy defeat when the scheme fails. Consequently company needs to be responsive and take extra step to protect the information and make certain , that their system is running healthy (Laudon and Laudon; 2003). Usually corporate privacy cover clients privacy and employees privacy., any breach in the privacy can charge a enormous loss to the organisation not only in financial form but it also wounded its reputation in the marketplace United Kingdom Financial Services Authority (FSA) fine nearly  £1 million with Nationwide Building Society for the seepage of information next the stealing of a laptop from an member of staff in 2006. Within the company had to expend a massive amount to notify the customers of the risk they had to tolerate. Therefore extreme concern must be known to make certain that the information whether composed in document or digitized form must be reserved safely and shattered after the work is done (Carlson, 2006; Eric, 2010). Internet is more susceptible because it is unlock to all anyone can make use of or mishandling it. While internet become a fraction of the organisational system, the organisations system might be at risk as well. Organisations must be unbolt to th e internal workforce and external party like clients, regulars, suppliers and trader and their information must be kept confidential when they are automatically transmitted. By means of doing so only the trade or business can get advantage from electronic commerce (Laudon and laudon; 2003). Privacy issues in relation to Customers Organizations nowadays take on e-commerce to gather huge data of regulars, they can then propose superior military to customers, which will increase consumer worth and their faithfulness too.   In addition they can split the information by means of third parties and boost their profits from cross selling. With the intention of this, the reason why customers in the era of electronic business are worried about the information composed by the organisations. Although, organisations have influenced their customers that their database are safe and sound and will not be collective with anyone   inactive the customers are worried. (Akcura et al., 2009) Nearly everyone   the commercial activities, we create gives information about our exchange routine and choices. In the year 1990 Lotus Corporation have developed a CD-ROM and bring in the marketplace which contain generated Information (TGI). It clearly shows the buying ways or patterns and profits of 120 millions individuals of United States. Later than the remonstration has been made Lotus was strained to withdraw the manufactured goods or proucts (Brin, 1998).   According to the Carole Lane in ‘Naked in Cyberspace’   just commencement with the name and address, it is without difficulty could possible to find out what you do; what is your spouse and children name, which car you use and how much you give for tax, over all of your information just in little hours (Brin ,1998). In the majority of the supermarkets they concern a club certificate like Tosco Club Card, Sainsbury’s Nectar Card etc.   Clients or Customers sign their card before paying in order to get bonus and discount. Nearly everyone of us understand this as now the supermarket will correlate our exchange pattern in a record so that the company can think likely our needs, which is helpful both for the corporation and us as well.   Although a number of privacy advocates discover it as frightening to picture expressive all the details of the card (Brin, 1998). Google is the famous and number one tool people use to search any kind of information on the internet. It maintains the records of all search engines and IP addresses for nearly two years. The company identify users with a unique cookie. Thus, the most troubling factor to privacy experts is the amount of information it has collected from its customers (Vaas, 2007). The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) had outlined the information that Google accumulate from its users: Google and you Technology  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What it track Google search  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any explore or search term a user enters Google Desktop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Index of a users’ computer files, e-mails, music, chat and Web browser history Google Talk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instant message chats between users Google Mail  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   User’s e-mail history; default setting retains e-mails indefinitely Google Calendar  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   User’s schedule Google Orkut  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social networking tool stores personal data, such as name and location Google Reader  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ATOM and RSS feeds that a user reads Google Video orYouTube  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Videos watched by a user The other division which has knowledgeable a momentous change in message and storage owing to advance skill or knowledge is medical field. The exercise to uphold medical evidence of patients by electronic means could help to get rid of human errors. On the other hand these compensation come with linked risks as well.   The privacy of the patients information could be at risk while store on a web server which can possibly access from any place in the earth. Privacy human rights Clearinghouse (2005) has claim that over 218 million data has been stolen since January 2005 which consist at least 34 million of medical information Consequently, in spite of having a number of payback of Electronic Health Records (EHR), readily available are some salient risks concerning client privacy (Clarke et al., 2009). Privacy issues in relation to Employees The privacy of workforce has become an budding issue of apprehension mainly to executive, supervisors and workers. While there is complexity in monitoring and controlling the workers technology has provide employers with contemporary and advance resources of monitoring workforce at work. Technology enables employers to evidence each and the whole obsession employees do. Employers in many countries like Canada, Japan etc. use monitoring as a output tools (Conlon, 1997; Guftey and West, 1996). Technology have made the work of human Resource professional easier to maintain enormous data of history and in attendance employees. Their job is to manage the activities of the company like: recruitment, training, promotion and to keep evidence. In several organisations Human Resource professionals might be touching and modify the individual information of workers than any other section So, it seems that they are the one who are possible to harm personal information than others. A folder of personal information of workers is human Resource Information System (HRIS). It use a relational catalogue to store up and make a distinction all the files that are concurrent by some general elements (for e.g. ID number or name or date of birth etc.) which tolerate other department and brushwood to access information (Hubbard et al., 1998; Eric, 2010). The apply of HRIS has better accuracy and data irretrievability.   But as the idea of privacy evolve Human Resource managers have to think and take steps to protected HRIS by humanizing and as long as training to workers and making them conscious of the issues, tuition employees to sign off correctly using passwords to protecte facts and not allowing to split passwords with anybody else and others. By focusing on the reason and quantity of data composed HR managers can reduce privacy actions and preserve high moral principles (Eric, 2010). There has been a tremendous increase on monitoring workers behaviours over the last ten years (Brown, 1996). According to managers, it is essential for the business to ensure staffs accountability by spying on them, tracking all the e-mails, phone calls, logging trips to the bathroom etc. but the opponents of this concept regards it as violating human rights (Brin, 1998). Another area of privacy litigation is monitoring of e-mail. Many employees assume that e-mail messages are private and confidential and cannot be seen by others, but their assumption is not fully right. One of the privacy advocates Marc Rotenberg said that â€Å"E-mail is more like a postcard than a sealed letter† (Guftey and West, 1996). A new technology which is seeing growing is genetic screening of employees by which employers can screen genetic composition of employees which indicate biological predispositions. By checking the pre-employment data employers can then reject those employees who have more possibility to fall sick. The selected employees may be then given a smart identity with a micro-chip through which management can track whatever the employees do (Sloane, 1992; Hurd, 1990; Olian, 1984 cited by Brown, 1996 ) According to Brown (1996) privacy must be judged and maintained correctly. According to him organisations must constantly scan and assess the privacy need. If there is correct balance between rights, policies and practices, the outcome is positive for both individual and organisation. But if there is incorrect balance then the result is negative such as increased conflict, violation and potential litigation. This can be illustrated in figure as below: Chart: outcomes of privacy practices and workers needs by Brown (1986). For that reason managers must endeavour to keep up employee safety and protect their privacy and human rights and reduce disruption in the place of work (Guftey and West, 1996). According to the isolation or privacy advocate John P. Barlow it is good, not to have any covert because everybody would be more more contented and safer if people does not have no matter which to hide, no one can go alongside anyone (Brin ,1998). At the present time people divide information online with no caring in relation to privacy. The interview by MSNBC with Google CEO Eric Schmidt, he alleged if somebody doesn’t want persons to know what he or she is doing online, he or she should not be exploit it online. Additional he argue that if anybody is penetrating some location it doesn’t indicate that he or she wants to share the information through others. There are some responsive information which are classified and which he or she doesn’t want others to identify (Rapoza, 2010). Consequently it seems that if persons think and judge that privacy is dead they won’t care about it (Rapoza, 2010).   Other than there are many other people who argue that th ere should be privacy. People these days are misusing technology. We can take an example of e-monitoring abuse is the case of Holy Cross Hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland during 1987. A hidden camera was placed in a nurse’s locker room to monitor suspected theft, later the recording was broadcasted on TV monitor which was seen by security chief (male). After complaints the camera was removed (Guftey and West, 1996). Conclusion Technology has urbanized so far, that there is no such obsession in the globe which is not exaggerated by it. Technical advancement have made the procedure of meeting storing and retrieve of data simple, fast growth in information and technology has prearranged rise to the subject on privacy. Individuals are more anxious about privacy these days than they used to be. In conversation about privacy,   privacy differ in itself. According to the   Google CEO individuals who are frightened and doesn’t want whatever thing to be joint with anyone, it is enhanced not to go on-line. In this twenty first century, there are barely few persons who don’t go online. People nowadays; use social networking like facebook, twitter which show that people today doesn’t care about privacy. In the company of the change in time, the way by which organization used to observe and manage workforce has been distorted. Regardless of the reimbursement from technology it bring hazard to individuals as well. The essential one is threat to privacy. Close at hand are still persons who believe with the intention of there should be privacy and it is their human precise. It is obvious that to run a business we have to gather information about regulars and workforce at workplace. But the direct of centre slander in to what degree employee’s information and customer’s facts should be together. Since   privacy breaches, many fake cases are rising in digit like: using others acknowledgement, credit card, using other identity, disclose other private data for the tremble of money or amusing etc. There are at a standstill debate and issues regarding privacy. For that reason, it would be advantageous to all if knowledge or technology is seen in a constructive rather than in a pessimistic way. The only object is while adopting new-fangled technologies individuals should think about using it correctly and exactly so that everybody could get benefits.

A Brief History of Heineken – Company Analysis

A Brief History of Heineken Company Analysis Heineken is one of the global leading brewers. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and spreads its business all over the world. In this report, we have taken a deep look into the Heineken Company. We will generally display the company portfolio, and then followed by the company’s past 5 years performance. Afterwards, the report will focus on Heineken’s international marketing activities with detailed explanations of its international marketing strategies. Ultimately, the report will extend to discuss miscellaneous topics of Heineken Company, and ends up with an exhaustive conclusion. Introduction Heineken is one of the world’s biggest brewers and is committed to remaining strong and independent. The brand is named after the founder’s name – Heineken -can be found all around the world. Heineken has become one of the most valuable international premium beer brand since last century and it is still growing stronger. Heineken is also one of the experts of beer brewing and has built quite a number of specialty beers around the globe. In addition to the Heineken brand, there are more than 170 specialty beers which meet a variety of consumers’ needs from every corner of the world. The famous brands include AmstelÂÂ ®, Europe’s third-largest selling beer, CruzcampoÂÂ ®, TigerÂÂ ®, ZywiecÂÂ ®, Birra MorettiÂÂ ®, OchotaÂÂ ®, Murphy’sÂÂ ® and StarÂÂ ®. Heineken has wide international presence through a global network of distributors and breweries. Heineken owns and manages one of the world’s leading portfolios of beer brands and is one of the world’s leading brewers in terms of sales volume and profitability. History The Heineken story began more than 140 years ago in 1864 when Gerard Adriaan Heineken acquired a small brewery in the heart of Amsterdam. Since then, four generations of the Heineken family have expanded the Heineken brand and the Company throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Employees In 2007, the average number of employees employed was 54,004 170 brands Heineken’s leading brand portfolio includes more than 170 international premium, regional, local and specialty beers. Our principal brands are HeinekenÂÂ ® and AmstelÂÂ ®. We continually seek to reinforce our brands through innovations in production, marketing and packaging. 139.2 million hl The Heineken brand is available in almost every country on the planet. We own more than 119 breweries in more than 65 countries brewing a Group beer volume of 139.2 million hectolitres. Segments Heineken applies typical Global Area Structure to their organizational strategy. Global area structure is an organizational arrangement in which primary operational responsibility is delegated to area managers, each of whom is responsible for a specific geographic region. (International Business, 5th edition, Rugman & Collinson). Heineken distinguish es the following geographical segments: Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe The Americas Africa and the Middle East Asia Pacific Head Office/eliminations. Segment information is presented only in respect of geographical segments consistent with Heineken’s management and internal reporting structure. Heineken runs its business in five regions, which is in charge of regional presidents. Regional subsidiaries, which remain high responsiveness to the group departments,are responsible for management, risk assessment and operation efficiency. The distribution models of Heineken’s is of a big variety. Goods are delivered in multiple ways in every country, depending on the countries’ conditions, usually direct to the wholesalers or via third parties. Hence, distributions diverse. The various distribution models are taken in charge by regional subsidiaries as well. In such a circumstance, no secondary segment information is in hand.

The Usage of Made In for the Segmented Products Essay

The Usage of Made In for the Segmented Products - Essay Example The command of the market has been linked to the efficiency of the product and the considered aspect of the economy. Such allows for the consideration of advanced technology and improvement in the economics of the cost towards the address of the rivals under practice. The superiority among the rivals allows for the conceptualization of the eventual ability they extend in the considered domination, as well as in the out-positioning of inferior products. The stationing of different arms of production under geographical distinctions allows for the reflection of the challenge they stand to offer with respect to the perspective concept of state recognition. Apparently, goods desire to be recognized alongside the state of origin. However, the inclusion of different states or countries in the process of production only assists in the complication of the entire acknowledgment process. Such allows for the reflection of the immediate challenges that may be related to the shipping of products with a source complication (Scheve, 2002). Various approaches have been considered to be associated with the eventual process of development and allocation of the â€Å"made in† tag. Allowing a state to consider a product to be manufactured in its territory allows for the improvement in its global perception of technology. However, the producing authority may not have had a comprehensive manner upon which the process of filing of the respective descriptions of rights and protocols are advised. Instead, there exists a line of acknowledgment with respect to the role plaid by the involved country (Tanzi, 2002)

Law Enforcement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement Paper - Essay Example Policing in the United States dates back to the pre-colonial period, an era characterized by high level of immigration from European countries into the country. Immigrants from Britain formed a significant proportion of the foreigners and the United States later became a British colony. This colonial relationship played a major role in the development of the current modern policing and common law in the United States. According to Uchida (2004), the modern features that define American internal security such as community policing, crime prevention and hierarchical police command originate from British law enforcement agencies. As early as 900 AD, Uchida (2004) notes that law enforcement in United States was the responsibility of every citizen. Individuals used state authorized powers to uphold order in the society, a type of policing which Walker (1977, p48). refers as â€Å"kin police†. Because there was no police, individual persons were responsible for security of their rel atives. This type of security later developed into a formalized communal policing that was adapted from 1066 to 13th century. The defining characteristic of policing during the period was a community-based model called frankpledge (Uchida, 2004). This model comprised of small groups, each made of nine boys above the age of twelve years. These groups were called â€Å"tythings† and members came from the same neighborhood Uchida (2004 p23). Each member was sworn to uphold security by protecting fellow citizen, apprehending criminals and taking them to court of law (Uchida, 2004). This form of security organization was compulsory in nature and was enforced by the state although the members were compensated for their work. During this period, United States was under the rule of English Monarchy and absolute loyalty was necessary. A constable who was appointed by the local nobleman commanded a group of ten tythings (Uchida, 2004). Therefore, the constable was the first police offi cer with official security responsibilities beyond helping his neighbor. The tythings were grouped into larger units of hundreds, which were then collaborated into larger units, called â€Å"shires† (Uchida, 2004, p25). The head of each shire was called â€Å"sheriff†, an appointee of the king. This form of security system disintegrated in the 13th century as result of insufficient supervision from the king (Uchida, 2004, p28). The parish constable structure took over and adapted the same system, although it gave the constable more powers than in the preceding system. The constable commanded a group of watchmen who guarded entry points and gates of towns at night. This form of English security arrangement continued in the 17th and 18th centuries (Walker, 1977). The sheriff, constable and the watch formed the core hierarchical system of police system in the United States. The sheriff headed the police operations in a county and the governor appointed him. The role of sh eriff included collecting taxes, arresting criminals serving subpoenas in addition to making court appearances. In big tows and cities, the night watch reported fires, detained and arrested suspected criminals, raised the alarm, maintained street lighting in addition to walking around in the towns to ensure security. Constables were responsible for taking criminals to court, removing health hazards in the towns and ensuring that witnesses appeared in courts (Walker, 1977).

European economic community :: essays research papers

Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was a source of great conflict in Europe. There were suspicions that French President de Gaulle did not want Britain to enter in order to maintain his country's hegemony over the EEC. De Gaulle spoke of the cultural and institutional differences that would make Britain incompatible with the Six. The British governments motives were even questioned as to whether they only wanted to reap the economic benefits of the EEC. The following is my assessment of these situations according to the Salmon documents. Throughout document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan continuously states, " I must remind the house that the EEC is an economic community, not a defense alliance, or a foreign policy community, or a cultural community. It is an economic community,† Although it is clear throughout the document that the British were aware of the wider political agenda of the Six, their main focus was certainly economic benefits. I do think, however, that The United states had a great influence on Britain's desire to join the EEC. In document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan discusses how remaining outside the EEC could cause Britain to lose its influence not only in Europe but in Washington as well. He fears that the U.S. would pay more attention to the issues of the Six rather than Britain. On the other hand, Britain's conditions for entering the union suggest that they are only interested in the economic benefits. Britain wanted the Six to agree that Britain would be free to create their own foreign policy, fulfill their pledge to the EFTA, plan their own economy, and safeguarding of British agriculture. These conditions made me think that Britain still wanted to be their own country and handle their own affairs, but still benefit from the economic situation in the EEC. It seems that deGaulle felt his country's hegemony over the EEC would be threatened if Britain were to enter the EEC. In document 29 a Gaullist minister gives reason for deGaulles veto of Britain's membership saying,† Now, with six members, there is five hens and a rooster. If you join [with other countries], there will perhaps be seven or eights hens. But there will be two roosters. That isn't agreeable,† It is clear that because of Britain's financial status and power that deGaulle feared his country would no longer be the final say in the EEC.

African American Religion Essay

Before Africans were brought to America during the slave trade, they had their own culture and society. They had their own language and dance. They also had their own religion. History tells us that the Europeans justified their abuse toward the Africans as helping them become more civilized because the Africans lifestyle appeared primal to them and not as developed and industrialized as theirs. What is often overlooked is that even though Africans were taken from Africa and Americanized and have been stripped of their religion, culture, language and even their name, the very essence of the African as a people did not go away. Some African American slaves rejected Christianity’s religion because they saw it as the â€Å"white man’s religion†. History tells us American Slave Masters abused the Africans by whipping them like animals and by treating them inhumane. The fact that these slave masters wanted the African American to worship their god was unacceptable for some because they could not fathom why they should worship a god who allowed people to be so badly treated. Some Africans accepted Christianity’s religion and faith by identifying with Jesus Christ, the son of God who according to the Bible was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. Some African Americans wanted to remain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with the conjure practices. Seth Holly’s character is a good example of conforming to the economic prosperity of America which was founded by Christians. White Christians enforced Christian beliefs, values, and some practices based on the Euro American Christian interpretation of Christian text. Seth developed a kind of hatred for his own people proving that he has adopted the practices of white America in the early 1900s. â€Å"Niggers coming up here from that old backwoods†¦ coming up here from the country carrying Bibles and guitars looking for freedom. † Seth says. â€Å"They got a rude awakening† (6). Seth signifies the African American who resents assimilation to the white American culture. But, at the same time, he too attempts to connect with his heritage by simply allowing Bynum to live in his home and bless it with his conjures rituals. Seth also participates in an African dance ritual called the Juba. Bynum’s character is introduced by practicing conjure rituals. He cuts open pigeons and spreads its blood onto him as a type of cleansing to communicate with spirits. Bynum represents the African American who chose to remain faithful to the religion of his heritage. Others who have chosen the faith of Christianity view conjure rituals as evil, witchcraft, or demonic. Some African Americans wanted to remain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with conjure practices anymore. Loomis walks in on the juba dance and goes into a trance after dinner at the boarding house. He had a vision of skeletons emerge from a body of water. â€Å"Loomis: I done seen bones rise up out the water. Rise up and walk across the water. Bones walking on top of the water† (53). Loomis recognizes through the vision, his state of ignorance to the knowledge that will lead him to the new way of thinking. Bynum serves as a supporting character reacting to Loomis’s trance. â€Å"Bynum: They walking around here now. Mens. Just like you and me. Come right up out the water† (56). Loomis’s trance and Bynum’s interpretation of it is a turning point in the story. The skeletons coming from the bottom of the sea in Loomis’s vision represent the slave ships, the disorientation experienced by the slaves during emancipation, and the confusion of his release from Joe Turner. Both Loomis and Bynum have tapped into their ancestral religion. The difference between the two is that Bynum represents the African who never renounced his religion and Loomis is the African-American who turned from conjure religion and converted to the faith of Christianity. After Joe turner took his life away from him, Loomis questioned his Christian faith and his identity. By walking in on the ancestral ritual of the Juba dance, Loomis literally walked into what he had actually been looking for, his religion, consequently, his ancestral identity and this is why he fell into the trance. Throughout the play conjures is encompasses four generations; Bynum’s father, Bynum, Loomis, and the neighbor boy Reuben. Reuben’s vision is of Seth’s mother by the pigeon coop, she encourages Reuben to release the caged pigeons. Wilson writes in a way that leads the reader to believe that Loomis needs to find his missing wife. Martha Pentecost is not the one who was lost; Loomis was the one who was lost, wondering around from town to town, searching. Loomis came into the state of belief when Bynum helped him translate his vision. That vision represented Loomis going back to his ancestral conjure religion. Loomis needed to find Martha Pentecost simply to say good-bye to her and their life former together. Up until this point of the story, I believed that Loomis needed to find his wife so they could live out the rest of their lives as a happy free family with their daughter. However, it is made pretty obvious this was never Loomis’s intentions. â€Å"That goodbye kept me out on the road searching,† Loomis says, â€Å"now that I see your face I can say my goodbye and make my own world† (90). Martha Pentecost, a woman of Christian faith, represents the African who assimilated into white America’s culture and Loomis needed to find her to say good-bye to her and the Christian faith. Martha stands by her Christian faith by accusing Loomis â€Å"you done gone over to the devil† (91). White man’s religion believed that conjure was evil or the way of the devil. Loomis finds it easier to reject her for her Christian beliefs. â€Å"Loomis: Great big old white man†¦your Mr. Jesus Christ. Standing there with a whip in one hand and a tote board in another, them niggers swimming in a sea of cotton† (92). Loomis proves with his statement, his version of a bible story that differed from other African Americans but was similar to that of the white man who believed that they were on a level below God and the African’s were beneath them, African’s were one third of a person. Loomis now believes that if African’s are going to be free then they have to take charge of their own destiny. Martha Pentecost represents the African American’s religion, she identifies that Loomis needs to â€Å"be washed in the blood of the lamb† (92) and â€Å"you done gone over to the devil. (91) Through class lessons I learned that African American slaves compared themselves with stories in the bible to instill hope of a life free from oppression, violence, and bondage. Jesus according to the bible was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. The hope of reigning in heave with Jesus is considered the ultimate reward for suffering life’s trials and tribulations. It is the faith of the African Americans who accepted Christianity religion. Blacks trusted in the Lord instead of man. America was Egypt in the exodus story and as long as the enslaving and oppressing took place America would face the same wrath as Egypt. â€Å"Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord. † The bible was depended on in justifying and motivation rebellion for the blacks and used as a tool to keep blacks enslaved by the whites. African Americans used sermons, song, and prayer to convey and teach their message of travail and triumph of Israel. Some African Americans could not get past the treatment from the white people that called themselves Christians and as a result they rejected Christianity. Selig’s role suggests that the link between characters is the acquisition of material goods. Selig admits that his ancestors have always made their living pursuing African Americas; his great grandfather transported slaves from Africa, his father captured runaway slaves and returned them to their masters for a reward, and Selig locates displaced people for a fee. Selig attains his ecstasy through consumer capitalism, through the selling of material goods. African Americans are objects for exploitation and exchange in the new economy. He binds African Americans to the economic system, demanding payment of his services and products which necessitates subsistence labor by taking them from one construction site or work site to another, similar to a temporary employment agency today. You pay for an employee to work for some time, but Selig is getting paid by the person looking for work or a ride to a chance of freedom. Selig cannot find a person that has not purchased a dustpan from him because he keeps the names of his customers. Seth is determined to achieve material success, he has very little patience for African Americans migrating north looking for the same prosperity that he desires. Seth is very demanding of his patrons, insisting on advance payment in full, and is preoccupied with maintaining a respectable house. â€Å"It’s hard enough now without all that ignorant kind of acting. Ever since slavery got over with there ain’t been nothing but foolish-acting niggers. Word get out they need men to work in the mill and put in these roads†¦ and niggers drop everything and head north looking for freedom. †(5, 6) Seth wants to blend in with the white man’s world; therefore he keeps a link with Selig by negotiating the manufacturing and sale of dustpans. Seth does not have any idea of what it would be like to be a slave, as he was born free in the North and was educated. He demonstrates his education with his math calculation when dealing with the boarding house patrons and the quick notation of him letting Selig know that he is trying to overcharge him for the dust pan materials. Educational differences played a role in tension with Southern blacks, most of who were forbidden from learning to read, saw religion as a matter of oral tradition and immediate experience and emotion. Northerner blacks, stressed that one could not truly be Christian unless they was able to read the Bible and understand it. This play denies individual worth and identity for some of Wilson’s characters. To be defrauded of the products of one’s labor or to see that creation diminished, like with Jeremy and the guitar contest, is to be denied a reflection of individual worth and identity. If people have been separated from this truth of individual worth and identity through oppression their capacity to bond with one another, form friendships, or couples, families are undermined. Social alienation in Wilson’s characters are expressed in their stores of broken relationships, uncertainty, or suspicion that they feel toward one another. â€Å"Seth: Something ain’t setting right with that fellow, Bynum. He’s one of them mean-looking niggers look like he done killed somebody gambling over a quarter. †(20) Connection between oppression, alienation from self and inability to form bonds with others is displayed in the character of Loomis. Joe Turner’s ability to oppress Loomis carried a judgment of non-worth. â€Å"Loomis: He told me I was worthless. Worthless is something you throw away. Something you don’t bother with† (73) Turners judgment of worthlessness forced Loomis to accept the reality of the white man’s power; he was marked as â€Å"one of Joe Turners niggers and forced to forget his song. †(71) Being alienated from himself and displaced with his relation to the world, Loomis is unable to establish bonds with people around him. The oppression encountered by Wilson’s characters is material or economic, that oppression is spiritual as well in the capacity to deprive the individual of a sense of himself or his unique song. The reawakening of Loomis after his encounter with cultural wisdom is not the self discovery of an average African American but creation of a new source of cultural wisdom, a new African holy man. Wilson uses many metaphors throughout the play. The song is a metaphor for Loomis’s identity and the African American cultural identity. Music is a large part of African American identity, so it makes since that in search of one’s identity they are searching for their song. The boarding house serves as an inn for traveling folk, but the tenants actually receive a form of healing during their stay. Tenants get direction and guidance from Bertha and Bynum. The shiny man that Bynum is in search for signifies African American independence. The man that Bynum met on the road was an independent African American, just as Loomis was freed by his past when he cleansed himself in his own blood. â€Å"Bynum: Herald Loomis, you shining! You shining like new money! †(94) Loomis has dismissed that the blood of Christ can wash away his sins and make him the man he used to be, but by washing himself in his own blood he has sacrificed the old life to begin his new journey on his terms. Bynum’s shining man has been found, meaning his work is complete; he has passed his powers on to the next generation, Loomis. â€Å"They tell me Joe Turner’s come and Gone† is a song that is sung by Bynum, when I first read the story I thought that the meaning was came and now he is dead however, the second time I read the play I realized that it meant that Joe Turner has come and snatched the men and now he is now gone. August Wilson uses symbolism in the play as a very important part in conveying the meaning of the story. Wilson’s use of symbolism is demonstrated through Mr. Wilson’s use of the road, Martha Pentecost, and Herald Loomis. Symbolic importance is give to the word freedom. The word freedom has instilled hope into the lives of African Americans: during slavery, hope for the release from bondage; after emancipation, the right to be educated, employed, and to move about freely; twentieth century, social, political, and economic justice. Freedom has always stood for the absence of any restraint, because God made all men from his image. There are a number of characters that travel around searching for their place in the world. Mattie, mentions that she keeps on looking, seems like she just keeps starting over, I ain’t never found no place for me to fit. † (76) Reuben tells Zonia, when he finds out that she is leaving the boarding house in search of her mom, â€Å"when I get grown, I come looking for you. †(84) Jeremy does not seem to care much when he loses his job because, â€Å"don’t make me no difference. There’s a big road out there, I can always get my guitar and find me a place to stay. I ain’t planning on staying in one place for too long noway. † (64) Martha & Reverend Tolliver moved the Church up north because of the trouble the church was having. When the Civil War finally brought freedom to previously enslaved African Americans, the task of organizing religious communities was only one element of the larger need to create new lives, to reunite families, to find jobs, and to figure out what it would mean to live in the United States as citizens rather than property. August Wilson’s play, Joe Turner’s come and Gone, examines African Americans search for their cultural identity following slavery. Bibliography Murphy, L. G. (2000). Down By the Riverside. New York: New Yourk University Press. Wilson, A. (1988). Joe Turner’ Come and Gone. New York: Penguin Group.

Dire Wolf vs Saber-Toothed Tiger Fight Who Wins

The  dire wolf  (Canis dirus) and the  saber-toothed tiger  (Smilodon fatalis) are two of the best-known megafauna mammals of the late  Pleistocene  epoch, prowling North America until the last Ice Age and the advent of modern humans.  Thousands of  their skeletons have been dredged from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, indicating that these predators lived in close proximity. Both were formidable, but which would triumph in  mortal combat? Dire Wolf The dire wolf  was a plus-size predecessor of the modern dog and a close relative of the grey wolf (Canis lupus), a carnivore that also scoured Pleistocene North America. (The word dire, meaning fearful or threatening, comes from the Greek word  dirus.) As the genus  Canis  goes, the dire wolf was pretty big. Some may have weighed up to 200 pounds, though 100 to 150 pounds was normal. This predator had powerful, bone-crushing jaws and teeth, used mostly for scavenging rather than hunting. The discovery of huge numbers of associated dire wolf fossils is evidence of pack behavior. Dire wolves had significantly smaller brains than grey wolves, which may explain how the latter helped drive it to extinction. Also, the dire wolfs legs were much shorter than those of modern wolves or large dogs, so it probably couldnt run much faster than a house cat. Finally, the dire wolfs predilection for scavenging rather than hunting would probably have put it at a disadvantage facing  a hungry saber-toothed tiger. Saber-Toothed Tiger Despite its popular name, the saber-toothed tiger was only distantly related to modern tigers, lions, and cheetahs.  The Smilodon fatalis  dominated North (and eventually South) America. The Greek name  Smilodon  roughly translates as saber tooth. Its  notable weapons were its long, curved teeth. However, it  didnt attack prey head-on with them; it lounged in low tree branches, pouncing suddenly and digging its enormous canines into its victim. Some paleontologists believe that the tiger also hunted in packs, though evidence is less compelling than for the dire wolf. As big cats go,  Smilodon fatalis  was relatively slow, stocky, and thick-limbed, the biggest adults weighing 300 to 400 pounds but not as nimble as a comparably sized lion or tiger. Also, as scary as its canines were, its  bite was relatively weak; chomping too hard on prey might have broken one or both saber teeth, effectively dooming it to slow starvation. The Fight In normal circumstances, full-grown saber-toothed tigers wouldnt have come near  comparably sized dire wolves. But if these predators converged on the tar pits, the saber-tooth would have been  at a disadvantage, because it couldnt pounce from a tree branch. The wolf was at a disadvantage because it would rather feast on dead herbivores than hungry carnivores. The two animals would have circled each other, the dire wolf swatting with its paws, the saber-toothed tiger lunging with its teeth. If  Smilodon fatalis  roamed in packs, they likely were small and loosely associated, whereas the dire wolfs  pack instincts would have been much more robust. Sensing that a pack member was in trouble, three or four other wolves would have rushed to the scene and swarmed the saber-toothed tiger, inflicting deep wounds with their massive jaws. The tiger would have  put up a good fight, but it would have been no match for a thousand pounds of canines. A crushing bite to  Smilodons neck would have ended the battle.