The Neurobiology of Mental Retardation: Fragile X Syndrome Essay

The Neurobiology of Mental Retardation touchy X SyndromeIn my previous paper, I wrote on the topic of the nature-nurture debate and the ways it link to the brain-equals-behavior dilemma. In this paper, I will continue this investigation into the link between genes and neurobiology, but I will focus in on a finicky aspect of the relationship neurological disease caused by genetic aberration. There are many well studied and well documented (thought not unavoidably well understood) disorders associated with the X chromosome, and a large number of these have neurobiological roots and behavioral manifestations. One such disease is fragile X syndrome. Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of learning disabilities and mental retardation known (1). The disease shows an x-linked inheritance pattern and is characterized by a force of symptoms ranging from impaired learning abilities to severe retardation and autistic behaviors (1). An understanding of the disease is vital o n several levels. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) not only bears scientific significance for the fields of molecular genetics, transmission genetics, neurophysiology, and abnormal psychology. It also provides one with a vantage point from which to view the particular set of behaviors known as mental retardation as well as those afflicted by retardation who are too often stigmatized and marginalized in our society.Before analyzing the neurobiological tush of FXS, it is pertinent to examine the genetics underlying the disease. As stated before, FXS is known to be x-linked which means that the disease will appear roughly in doubly as many male cases as female. This is because males, who have only a single copy of x-linked genes which they inherit on... ... syndrome and Downs Syndrome are also forms of mental retardation, the latter of which is not even an inborn error of metabolism- it is a chromosomal disorder. And yet the particular subset of behaviors in question is all called mental re tardation. Thus, more cytological and neuro-imaging research mustiness be conducted to fully elucidate the complexities of FXS. For the time being, I think, it is safe to assume that the link between a single gene and a complex associate of behaviors is strong for fragile X syndrome. WWW Sources1)National Fragil X Foundationhttp//www.fragilex.org/2)Neurosciences on the Internethttp//www.neuroguide.com/cgi-bin/pdistoc.pl?file=fragile3)Genetic Causes of Mental Retardationhttp//specialed.freeyellow.com/YAdaptUse.html4)Online Mendelian Inheritance in Manhttp//www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=309550

Gun Control: Should the Second Amendment of the Constitution be Updated

According to the F.B.I., 14,369 murders involving firearms took place in the year 2013 within the United States. We as Ameri back ends gestate the recompense to bear arms, however there can be some changes to at least try to minimize these casualties. The 2nd Amendment states A well regulated Militia, universe necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. This may be outdated now that we have a strong military (that is our well regulated Militia,) to protect our security, but can a right be scratched off the Constitution because of someones interpretation? Perhaps there can be some changes to the laws to determine who can own a firearm and what types of weapons can be sold. In azimuth and m each other states there are no permits required to purchase any type of firearm. While other states have more laws to determine who can own a ordnance store. raw York requires you to have a permit to purchase and then regist er a handgun. The permit may be issued if the applicant is over 18 years of age, has not been convicted of a felony or spent more than one year in prison, and is not an addict, alcoholic or convicted of a narcotics offense. New York also requires the gun stores selling rifles, shotguns, or handguns, provide with the gun a locking device and a label on safe storage. As of March, 2001, any firearms dealer licensed in the state of New York must provide to the state police, along with the original receipt of sale, a sealed container enclosing a shell casing from the handgun sold within ten days of the transfer of a handgun. Gun control groups are requesting a bill that would stool a national handgun licensing and registration system, and that would extend the Brady law to the secondary market of handgun purchases such as gun shows. Under the Brady II legislation it will be illegal to sell, deliver, or otherwise transfer a handgun to someone who does not have an FFL (Federal Firearms License), unless the dealer verifies that the buyer has a legitimate state handgun license. It will also make it a violation of the law for anyone who does not hold an FFL to obtain, either through purchase or as a gift, a handgun or handgun ammunition unless they possess a valid state handgun license. Brady II would require state officials to make up ones mind up and manage a license sys... ...fense is not an acceptable reason. In the years 1996-1997, Australia destroyed almost 700,000 guns, which are about one-seventh the guns in Australia. In America that number would be around 30 million. By 1998, homicides by firearms were down thirty percent in Australia. In 1991 and 1995 Canada established new gun laws reducing the number of deaths caused by guns to a thirty year low. The UK banned handguns and destroyed the guns the government bought from the citizens. Within a year later, gun-related violations have decreased by thirteen percent in England and Wales. Some say that Americ ans are fifty times more likely than British citizens to be killed by a firearm. numerous people in America do not want to see a ban on firearms, but if that is not the answer what is? Perhaps what we ingest is for the anti-gun groups and the pro-gun groups to come together and reach some sort of a compromise that could help reduce our nations homicide rates. ReferencesNational circle around for Health StatisticsCenter for Disease Control and PreventionFBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)NRA (National Rifle Association)John McCain mccain.senate.govwww.guncite.com www.converge.org

The Speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments, Solitude of Self, and Home Life :: the women’s movement

The Speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, announcement of Sentiments, Solitude of Self, and Home LifeNot long ago, in the nineteenth century, the words that our forefathers wrote in the Declaration of Independence, that solely men were created equal, held little value. Human equality was far from a reality. If you were not born a white male, and so that phrase did not apply to you. During this extent many great leaders and reformers emerged, fighting both for the rights of African Americans and for the rights of women. One of these great leaders was Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton dedicated her entire life to the womens movement, despite the resister she received, from both her family and friends. In the course of this paper, I will be taking a critical look at three of Stantons most acclaimed speeches Declaration of Sentiments, Solitude of Self, and Home Life, and develop a claim that the rhetoric in these speeches was an effective tool in advancing the movement as a whol e. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815, in Johnstown, untried York. She was born unto a conservative, Presbyterian family of considerable social standing. Her father, Judge Daniel Cady, was considered to be both a wealthy landowner and a prominent citizen with great political status (Banner 3). Stanton was one of seven children, 6 of which were girls, to be born to Daniel and Margaret. Growing up in the period that she did, Elizabeth was very well(predicate) to receive the outstanding education that she did since it was not as important to educate daughters as it was sons. She overcame that boundary when she began attending Johnstown Academy. She was the only girl in most of her classes, which was inaudible of in those days. Even when females did attend schools, they were learning about womanly things, like how to run a household, not advanced math and science courses, like she was in. She then went on to further her education at a very prominent educational in stitution, Emma Willards Troy Seminary. After that she studied law with her father, who was a New York Supreme Court Judge. It is through this training that her awareness was raised about the discrimination that women were subjected to. In 1840, Elizabeth married an abolitionist organizer named Henry Stanton, much to her familys dismay.

The Loneliness of Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

The Loneliness of Hamlet       Hamlet was a lonely, isolated character, with hardly a(prenominal) friends, and little faith in humanity. His loneliness played a great role in his downfall, by alienating him from his friends and family and eventually taking control of his actions. He did not share the knowledge of his fathers murder or the appearance of the ghost with anyone. He couldnt even trust his friends and family, and he hid his true feelings from his only love, Ophelia, driving her to suicide. These events acquire eventually to his downfall, and could have been avoided by sharing his dilemma.   Two of Hamlets friends, Horatio and Marcellus, were standing watch at the castle one night when they witnessed the first apparition of the ghost of Hamlets father. They headstrong to confide in their friend, and tell Hamlet of what had taken place. The sideline night, the three of them all stood watch to wait for the ghost. It appeared, and informed Hamlet tha t his uncle, Claudius, had murdered his father. Immediately following this, Hamlet declared that the event must be kept in secrecy Never make known what you have seen tonight (Iv144). In order to prove the validity of the ghost, Hamlet would have to find proof of his fathers murder, without sharing his ideas with anyone. He decided to make believe he was mad, so that the members of the kings court of law could excuse his behavior as he plotted his revenge. However, as he kept to himself, he became overwhelmed by his madness and fell into a deeper state of loneliness, ignoring those loaded to him, as he contemplated the value of life. ...it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth seems to me a sterile promontory this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this stalwart oer hanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire-why it appears nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapors...(IIii289)   As Hamlet seek t o prove the murder of his father and have his revenge, Claudius discovered that Hamlet knew the truth. Claudius hired two of Hamlets friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to spy on Hamlet in secret, ...be even and direct with me whether you were send for or no (IIii278-79). Later on, Claudius and Polonius, the father of Ophelia, also spied on Hamlet when he was with Ophelia, trying to discover the cause of his madness Ophelia, walk you here.

Attempting to Cheat Fate :: essays research papers

Would it ever seem reasonable for a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature to be associated with a magnate who murders his father and procreates with his mother? It is possible because of one quotation by the 1921 Nobel Prize Literature winner Anatole France, that he is connected to the notorious king Oedipus from Sophocles famous play, Oedipus Rex. It is only human nature to think wisely and act foolishly (Anatole France) best exemplifies the theme in Sophocles Oedipus Rex fate cannot be cheated nor altered. It is human to act and change fate, which is a foolish act because it is impossible to do. This can be seen in many aspects of the play including the context and characters of the story and the hubris of the royal family Jocasta, Lauis and Oedipus. Within severally of these components many different literary devices can be used to further explain how the theme of the story relates to the quote by Anatole France. A prime interpreter can be seen in the 2nd Episode where Oed ipus confesses everything to Jocasta from the prophecy to the incident when he killed a man similar to Lauis description. The parts of his monologue that best enlarge changing fate and being foolish are when Oedipus says, And so unknown to mother and father I set out for Delphihe the oracle flashed before my eye a future great with pain, terrorI can hear him cry, You are fated to couple with your motheryou will kill your father, the man who gave you life-time I heard all that and ranNow, Jocasta, I will tell you all. Making my way toward this triple crossroad I began to see a herald, then a brace of colts drawing a wagon, and mounted on the bencha man, just as youve described himI strike him in anger I killed them all- every mothers son This exemplifies the statement that trying to change fate is foolish because in attempting to avoid his awful destiny, he kills his own father. unmatched might argue that this is not a well thought out example because Oedipus had no idea that on e of the men he killed on the occasion was his father. On the other hand, Oedipus did not have to kill anyone he let his anger control him. This in turn always leads a person to tragedy. descriptive diction is used to enhance the episode because in ancient Greek theatre, imagination was the only outlet for visual depictions of the most gruesome of scenes.

Attempting to Cheat Fate :: essays research papers

Would it ever seem rea watchwordable for a winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature to be associated with a king who murders his father and procreates with his pose? It is possible because of one quotation by the 1921 Nobel Prize Literature winner Anatole France, that he is connected to the notorious king Oedipus from Sophocles famous play, Oedipus Rex. It is only human disposition to think wisely and make for inanely (Anatole France) best exemplifies the theme in Sophocles Oedipus Rex fate thunder mugnot be cheated nor altered. It is human to try and change fate, which is a foolish act because it is impossible to do. This can be seen in many aspects of the play including the context and characters of the story and the hubris of the royal family Jocasta, Lauis and Oedipus. Within each of these components many different literary devices can be used to further explain how the theme of the story relates to the quote by Anatole France. A prime example can be seen in the second Epis ode where Oedipus confesses everything to Jocasta from the prophecy to the incident when he killed a man similar to Lauis description. The parts of his monologue that best illustrate changing fate and being foolish are when Oedipus says, And so unknown to mother and father I set out for Delphihe the oracle flashed before my eyes a future great with pain, alarmI can hear him cry, You are fated to couple with your motheryou will kill your father, the man who gave you life I heard all that and ranNow, Jocasta, I will tell you all. Making my way toward this triple crossroad I began to see a herald, then a brace of colts drawing a wagon, and mount on the bencha man, just as youve described himI strike him in anger I killed them all- every mothers son This exemplifies the statement that trying to change fate is foolish because in attempting to avoid his awful destiny, he kills his own father. One might argue that this is not a well thought out example because Oedipus had no idea that o ne of the men he killed on the crossroads was his father. On the other hand, Oedipus did not suck to kill anyone he let his anger control him. This in turn always leads a person to tragedy. Descriptive diction is used to enhance the consequence because in ancient Greek theatre, imagination was the only outlet for visual depictions of the most gruesome of scenes.

Capital Punishmennt Essay

Merriam-Webster online dictionary (2011) defines big(p) penalization as punishment by wipeout for a crime. There argon umpteen factors that go into the process of dandy punishment and it moldiness start with a crime followed by an arrest, trial, conviction, appeals process and ultimately the execution of the individual. Through the many stages of the process there numerous individuals who are affected, including the criminal and their family, the victim and their family, jury, judge, witnesses and administrators or physicians who perform the execution. In this paper I will look at the ethical issues of bully punishment using the following ethical theories utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and the seriouss and legal expert system. In each of these theories I will examine how counsellings and opp superstarnts to capital punishment give the sack use the theories to validate their position on capital punishment. I will conclude my paper with my position on capital punishment us ing one of the theories I listed above. gibe to Boat by castigates (2012) the principle of utilitarianism is the basic premise of pleasure over perturb. Utilitarianism considers the impact an event and outcome will reserve on everyone and they use the fifty-percent theory as the tipping point in stopping point making. If the pleasure of an event has more(prenominal) than benefit than the pain then a decision can be made. Utilitarianism simply considers the benefits and consequences when taking into account whether the remnant penalty is ethical and disregards the natural rights or egotism-worth of a person when deciding if the death penalty is ethical (Bedau, 1980). The pleasure over pain principle in capital punishment essential consider the impact it will dupe on everyone involved and according to Boatright (2012), Utilitarianism requires that we calculate service non only for ourselves but for only person affected by an action.When deciding whether or not capital punishment is right an individual must look at the benefits and consequences of everyone involved and determine if capital punishment is ethical. I do not think that one person can need this decision as it would require them to think on behalf of individuals or groups who they whitethorn have a conflicting enkindle with. An example of this would be a sibling of a mutilate victim deciding if the offender should receive the death penalty. Their feelings on the issue would differ from the offenders family and create a conflict of interest when using the fifty-one percent theory.I will now examine the utilitarian principle of consequentialism and how it relates to the ethical issue of capital punishment. A consequentialist argument uses intimidation as a benefit of how the death penalty can promote their stance (Douglas and Wilkinson, 2008) and executing a murderer would serve as a affirmable consequence for the killing of another human being. This may serve as a deterrent to h ereafter killings but that is not eer the case. Out of 238 paroled offenders who pull murder, less than 1% went back to prison for committing another murder (White paper on, 2012). This statistic shows that the death penalty does not serve as a deterrent to future killings and thus the theory of capital punishment serving as a deterrent holds no merit.Examining the ethical issue of capital punishment must overly look at a cost-benefit analysis that uses a monetary value rather than the classic utilitarianism principle of pleasure over pain (Boatright, 2012). According to Boatright (2012) an application of a cost-benefit analysis needs to place a value on human sprightliness. The issue with using a cost-benefit analysis of capital punishment is that not everyone may value human vitality the same. A person who commits a murder may not value human life the same as someone who does not kill. The family of a victim may find that the life of the killer has no value to them and in con trast the family of a murderer may value the life of the offender as more valuable to them. The cost of capital punishment also needs to be examined when using a cost-benefit analysis.The nub cost per execution was $216 million more than life imprisonment (White paper on, 2012). In addition to the cost to execute an individual in a capital offense case there is the cost of trials, the process of appeals and attorney fees that need to be examined. In calcium the cost of a death penalty criminal prosecution is up to twenty times more expensive than the cost of a life in prison without parole case (Williams, 2011). Also according to Williams (2012), the least expensive death penalty case cost $1.1 million more than the most expensive life without parole case. The cost of the death penalty is more expensive than a life in prison without parole article of faith and twenty offenders could be given a life in prison sentence for the amount that it takes to execute one offender (Williams, 2011).I have come to the conclusion that the utilitarianism principle does not justify capital punishment. The pleasure over pain principle requires us to consider the impact on everyone and it does not require us to ignore our interest but we must place our interest no higher and no lower than anyone else (Boatright 2012). When I looked at the cost-benefit analysis I could not justify the use of capital punishment due to the massive cost that a capital punishment case incurs as opposed to the cost of a life imprisonment case.I will now look at the ethical issues of capital punishment using Kantian Ethics. According to Boatright (2012) the first principle of Kant is universalizability which is to, act only on rules that you would be willing to have everyone follow. The punt principle of Kant is respect for persons which indicates one should respect other people and ourselves as human beings (Boatright, 2012). Kant was in favor of capital punishment for the crime of murder and foun d his view of the death penalty on the theory of retributivism (Potter, 2002). When an individual commits the crime of killing another individual they violate Kants first principle and do not follow the rules that everyone is following namely the right to life which I will cover later in this paper.The killing of an individual also violates the secondment principle of respect for persons. According to Kania (1999), each of us agree not to kill others in exchange for the security that others will not kill us or those dear to us. Kant subscribes to the term isu taloinis which means the wrong doing is punished by a similar punishment and also believes that the death penalty is the only right way to punish a murderer because the punishment should be the end goal (White paper on, 2012). Kantian Ethics also involves autonomy which means self and law (Boatright, 2012). Autonomy relates to Kants principle of respect for persons and a society living autonomously involves creating their own rules and acting freely.This principle is seen in the laws that society has developed to rule out the killing of an innocent person. In the United States it is illegal to commit the act of murder which is different from the killing of a person. The killing of a person may occur during self-defense when an individual fears that their life is in danger. According to Potter (2002) Kant says in a general statement that all murderers should be executed and death is the punishment that must be carried out on the wrongdoer. Violating the principle of universalizability, respect for persons and autonomy all justify the use of capital punishment in Kants view.The third ethical theory I will look at is Rights and referee. I will first examine the rights theory and how it relates to the ethical issue of capital punishment. Rights are part of many of the ethical issues in society and the term rights can be used in many different ways (Boatright, 2012).According to Bedau (2012), a human being has the right to life simply by being born and it is a violation of rights to murder another person. The violation of the right to life does not mean that we are authorized to violate anothers right to life. The judges and juries take another persons life in their hands during a capital punishment case and by sentencing an offender to execution violates their right to life. Bedau (2012) states, Even if a person has committed murder and has therewith intentionally violated anothers right to life, the criminal still has his or her own right to life. The legal rights are in lunge to protect us from having our right of life taken away, and if our right is violated we do not have the rights to take someone elses right to life.In contrast to the paragraph above John Locke argued that a persons right to life can be forfeited if a person violates the right of life of another person. Locke goes onto say that the execution of a murderer does not violate their right to life (Bedau, 2012). Bas ed on this argument Locke would be an advocate of the death penalty. Since the offender forfeited their right to life they no longer have their own right of life. Locke further states that a person forfeits their right to life when they commit a criminal act that deserves death (Bedau, 2012).The ethical issue of capital punishment and the justice theory coincide using the retributive justice theory. Justice involves the righting of wrongs and retributive justice involves the punishment of wrongdoers (Boatright, 2012). The justice requital theory indicates that a criminal must and deserve to be punished and that the punishment must fit the crime (Bedau, 2012). The punishment of the crime may be different in each state or country as not all states and countries have the right to sentence an offender to the death penalty. The issue with the theory that the punishment must fit the crime is that each person may have a different viewpoint on how to punish the same crime. For the act of m urder one could argue for the death penalty while another person may argue that death penalty is unethical based on their ethics. This leads to some confusion in the retribution theory as each person may have their own idea of proper punishment and retribution.According to Roberts-Cady (2010), A retributivist would argue for the death penalty based on the claim that death is what a murderer deserves. The retribution theory also values that a punishment should be exactly the same as the crime committed which is cognize as the philia for an eye principle (Roberts-Cady, 2010). Using the eye for an eye principle, a murderer would be type to the same act they committed and subject to death themselves. It does not involve a judge or jury sentencing them to the death penalty and I interpret it as an automatic sentence for the murderer. The eye for an eye principle supports that murderers ought to be put to death (Bedau, 2012). An advocate of the death penalty using the retribution theor y would find that capital punishment is just in cases involving murder.The issue with the above reasoning is that it is sometimes not possible to apply the eye for an eye principle in every situation. It would not be possible to punish an individual or group of individuals who commit mass murder that has more victims than offenders. An example of this would be the execution of the hijackers who flew planes into the World Trade subject matter killing thousands of individuals. The number of victims of this act far outweighs the number of hijackers that were aboard the planes. According to Bedau (2012) the execution of a mass murderer is morally inadequate as retribution cannot be served upon the offender given their inhumane and heinous acts. Another counter-argument for the eye for an eye principle is the equivalent to the crime is not always morally pleasing (Roberts-Cady, 2010). For example if a person were to be sexually assaulted, the retribution to the offender would entail be ing sexually assaulted in return.This would force the victim to decide if their offender should be subject to the same offense they endured and the victim may not be willing to make that decision and prefer to leave the punishment up to the justice system. The legal system in the United States takes this decision off of the victim and places it on a judge and jury. Although the victim will have to bear witness and recount the crime they would not deciding the fate of the offender. According to Robert-Cady (2010), For certain heinous crimes, either the punishment would be roughly equivalent and immoral, or it would not be roughly equivalent. The justice and rights theory seeks justice for those whose rights are violated but it is not applicable in all situations. If we are looking at capital punishment strictly from a rights perspective the right to life is violated when a person is murdered but what right do we have to take someone elses right to life?Retribution and justice involv e the righting of a wrong and uses the eye for an eye principle which is not always applicable to the crime committed. Using the rights and justice theory I came to the position that capital punishment is not ethical as I do not believe that I have the ethical grounds to take someone elses right to life. The retribution theory is not clear enough for as I believe life in prison without parole would be just as effective as the death penalty. In this paper I have examined how utilitarian, Kantian ethics, and the rights and justice theory apply to the issue of capital punishment. I presented both an advocate and opponent view to the death penalty and whether capital punishment is ethically just according to each theory. Prior to researching this topic I considered myself as an advocate of capital punishment as I tangle it was the most effective way to serve as a deterrent to murder and also a just punishment.I also consider myself a subscriber to the utilitarianism theory and choose t o look at the big picture of an issue and how it affects everyone. I also look at situations using the cost-benefit analysis which allows me to make an informed decision. After researching the ethical issue of capital punishment and applying the information to my beliefs I realized that my stance on the death penalty conflicted with my utilitarianism view. In the utilitarianism dent of the paper I came to the conclusion that capital punishment was not ethical. I also presented the cost-benefit analysis of capital punishment and the cost of an individual is much more expensive than sentencing a person to life in prison without parole. I have come to the conclusion that based on my utilitarianism view that capital punishment is not ethical.References(2012). White paper on ethical issues concerning capital punishment. Ferney-Voltaire, FranceWorld Medical Journal.Bedau, H. A. (1980). Capital punishment. Matters of life and death, 1033-66.Boatright, J. R. (2012). Ethics and the conduct of business. (7 ed.). Upper Saddle River, red-hotJersey Pearson Education Inc.Capital Punishment. 2011. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved May 8, 2011, fromhttp//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalpunishmentHouse, R. (2009). The death penalty and the Principle of Goodness. International Journal OfHuman Rights, 13(5), 680-688.Kania, R. E. (1999). The Ethics of the Death Penalty. Justice Professional, 12(2), 145. Potter, N. T. (2002). Kant and capital punishment today. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 36(2),267-282.RobertsCady, S. (2010). Against Retributive Justifications of the Death Penalty. Journal ofSocial Philosophy, 41(2), 185-193.Wilkinson, D. J., & Douglas, T. (2008). Consequentialism and the death penalty. The AmericanJournal of Bioethics, 8(10), 56-58.Williams, C. J. (2011, June 20). Death Penalty Cost California $184 Million a Year, Study Says. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http//articles.latimes.com

Psychological gambling Essay

Abstract Few studies have explored the relationship between play and wellness status. Both compulsive and pathological gambling are disorders related to obsession-compulsive disorder. The data supports the notion that gambling does affect with non-gambling health difficultys. The purpose of this article is to provide the teaching between gambling behaviors and substance use disorders, health associations, screening and treatment options for chore and pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is an addictive and stress proposing disorder.More inquiry is needed to investigate at a time the biological and health relations associated with the different types of gambling behaviors and to define the role for doctors or therapists in the prevention and treatment of problem and pathological gambling. There are many types of gambling that tribe indulge in today. People of altogether ages have been seduced by gambling. free rein is d atomic number 53 each day, so as it continues t o grow, so does the debt of the American people. Attractions such as online casinos with jackpots equivalent to ten years salary and simple sports booking, makes it to a greater extent common today than it was yesterday.Gambling is hard to resist because it offers a feeling of hope, and defines that thin line between reality and fantasy that ends with a mental payoff. The main question with this concern is is it all about the m iodiney? It couldnt be all about the money, unless the general public was extremely stupid. The odds of winning the lottery are lesser than the odds of someone being struck by lightning (1 in 649,739) or than someone being killed by a terrorist attack abroad (1 in 650,000). (7).It has been said, If you bought 100 tickets a week your entire adult life, from the age of 18 to 75, youd have a 1 percent chance of winning the lottery. (7) Now, a human body of psychological studies have been done which indicate that the longing to play the lottery has more to do with the inability or unconcern of a somebody to regard the total sum of their own money over conviction spent of these clam tickets. The hope and fantastic feeling they receive is worth more than the dollar they give the 7-11 clerk at that time. Casino games create a different sensation.Whether it be cards, slots, or dice games after being seated in appear of it for an hour or two there will generally be a win, some kind of win. Usually that win is small. It serves the person, or the brain, with a screen of respect. The reward entices the person to want to continue their game so to get another reward (7). The basis for this affirmative award is biological. Research done at the Massachusetts General Hospital has showed similar brain activity induced by prize money to food and drug rewards. The scientists measuring this brain activity compared it with giving a cocaine addict an infusion of cocaine.(2) An experiment was set up wherein the brain activity of the subjects was meas ured while they gambled. Each subject was offered one of three spinners a good spinner offered them a chance to earn $10, $2. 50, or nothing an intermediate spinner offered $2. 50, $0, or -$1. 50 and a drear spinner let them win nothing or lose, -$1. 50 or -$6. (3) The brain activity was measured with a high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, other than known as an fMRI, while they were spinning for six seconds and after then after they had spun.The results showed that the brain activity proved to be strong, moderate, and low in ossification with the level of spinning good, intermediate and bad. The proportions always demonstrated the expected brain activity. The scientists performing this experiment came to the conclusion that money serves as the same type of reward to humans as does drugs and food it sets into motion a reward mechanism in the brain providing relative stimulus to the amount of reward or departure which is taking place. The similarity suggests that a common brain circuitry is used for various types of rewards.(3) Considering the conclusion of this experiment to be true, there still remains an unsettling question pertaining to gambling and brain circuitry. Why do some people gamble more than others? At first I searched for some demographic conclusions to support a guess that some group of people gambled more than others. However, there simply isnt much discrimination when it comes to gambling. The National Opinion Research Center, a government base study, showed that there is no gender gap in terms of gambling the 1998 statistic showed 49% women and 51% men gamble in general.(1) The consensus showed that all different ages gamble. just about specifications were made like people between thirty and sixty tended to gamble with more money than the younger and older, but that seems natural because that range probably gains the close to salary. It also specified that those under eighteen tended to play less in casino, lottery and h orse races but that is because they were not allowed in. Thus, those under eighteen were showed to make more wagers outside of a gambling facility than the other age groups. Depending on the game, there seemed to be a pretty even distribution of race among gamblers.The tooshie line being the desire to gamble does not depend on any specific background or gender or age or culture. It depends on the human desire to gain monetary pleasure, to get something for little to nothing, to be rewarded via dollars rather than food or drugs. The demographic statistics and equalities listed above still do not account for wherefore some crave gambling more than others. Distinctions have been made among gamblers. The categories are as follows non-gambler, low-risk gambler, at-risk gambler, problem gambler and pathological gambler.(1) The desire to gamble becomes increasingly more prevalent and obsessive as the levels progress. A pathological gambler, according to the DSM-IV criteria is constantly preoccupied with gambling, increases the amounts of money spent over time on gambling so not to achieve a tolerance, cannot stop gambling, gambles as an escape, attempts to break even after having lost money, lies constantly to friends and family about gambling, sometimes commits illegal acts to support gambling, risks significant relationships, jobs, or education for gambling, and uses the financial help of others to be bailed out of some situation caused by gambling.(1) Why are these people so obsessed with gambling that it takes over their lives? It has been hypothesized that pathological gamblers have dysfunctional reward pathways. When the pathways function correctly, one important result is a release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that can stimulate pleasurable feelings. Pathological gamblers have been proven to have lower activity in an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters. This may create a problem for serotonin distribution.Also, researchers have identified a greater amount of certain genetic configurations in pathological gamblers, a variation which may be amenable for the deficient reward pathway. (4) The medication prescribed to some of these pathological gamblers who were tested increased their serotonin levels and seemed to have positive effects in the way of their resisting the caprice to gamble. Many equate the pathological desire to gamble with a problem in the decision-making area of the brain, a constant lapse in judgment so to speak.The areas of the brain associated with the decision-making process are the middle frontal, inferior frontal and orbital gyrus. (4) While this neurological analysis may offer some understanding to why people gamble for reward purposes, it does not explain the bigger relationship between human beings and gambling. Gambling does not necessarily need to involve money it can instead be translated to a risk. People gamble everyday whether it be the tasting of a new food or skipping an important production li ne meeting. It seems that gambling is a part of life necessary to perpetuate the human species.Diversification, a part of natural life, involves changeing to different environments and niches. Say a bee only acquired nutrients from one specific flower, never venturing out to samples other types of pollen, what would happen? Suppose one winter that specific type of flower failed to survive, or some sort of extempore extinction occurred, all the bees who fed off this flower would become extinct as well. The same sort of thing may occur if a person moved to a different country, wherein the food looked completely different. In order to stay alive, that person would have to take a chance on a new type of diet.Human beings, as well as a majority of the remaining Animal Kingdom are inclined to diversify and adapt to new surroundings in order to stay strong and able to perpetuate their species. The same notion of adaptation for survival applies to drastic temperature changes and the effec t it has on the body. (5) Although break down temperature is not regulated within narrow limits the way internal body temperature is, thermoregulatory responses do strongly affect the temperature of the shell, and especially its outermost layer, the skin. The temperature of the environment is directly related to the thickness of this shell.If the shell is needed to conserve heat, it may expand to a several centimeters underneath the skins surface, however, if the environment is warm, then the shell will tend to only be about one centimeter thick. This shell of warmth protects people in the case that they wish to change environmental settings, or so the same species can survive in all different locations. The complex nature of the human body responds well to their desire to gamble, to diversify, to excrete their minds and risk. Whether it be monetary, behavioral or just plain desire to risk, humans are drawn towards the new and the chancy.It is the danger of loss and the thrill of life that keeps us breathing.Works Consulted 1)Alvarez,A. The Biggest Game in Town. New York Chronicle Books, 2002. 2)Brunson,Doyle. Doyle Brunsons Super System. Cardoza Pub, 1979. 3)Dostoeyevsky,Fyodor. The Gambler. New York Viking Press, 1966. 4)http//www. norc. uchicago. edu/new/gamb-fin. htm 5)http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2001/05/010524062100. htm 6)http//www. sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=0004400A-E6F5-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F 7)http//www. gnxp. com/MT2/archives/001309. html 8)http//www. reflection-idea. com/psychics. html.

Beta Case Study

25721 Investment Management BMC Case Study Student Name Junwei Wang Student ID 11516655 Class Time 6 p. m. 9 p. m. Tuesday Lecturer Wing Bui Table of content Q 1. 1 Q 2. 1 Q 3. 2 Q 4. 2 Q 5. 3 important Management Company I. Case Background Beta Management Company was founded in 1988 by Ms. Wolfe. Beta Management Company is a small investment management company based in a Boston suburb. Beta Management Company was successful in 1989 and 1990. This success had brought in enough new money to double the size of the company. However, Ms.Wolfe had lost approximately potential new clients who had thought it unusual that Beta Management used only an index mutual fund and picked none of its own rakes. Sarah Wolfe was considering Betas new goal and directions for coming year. II. A. Ms. Wolfe decided to follow index to adjust equity market exposure. This is a good strategy due to that at the first-class honours degree of the foundation of the company, the size of her estimate was small and there were no much money for her to take a risk. The strategy she followed was the lowest risky way. Ms.Wolfe kept a majority of Betas property in no-load, low-expense index funds, adjusting the level of market exposure between 50% and 99% of Betas funds in an attempt to time the market. B. Ms. Wolfe now has decided to increase her equity exposure to 80% with the purchase of one of the atomic number 20 R. E. I. T. and Brown convocation, Inc. spell Ms. Wolfe wanted to extend her business, she found that some potential clients thought it unusual that Beta Management used only an index mutual fund and picked none of its own stocks, Ms. Wolfe was engaging her new strategy. Unlike before, Beta increase the equity exposure from 50% to 80%.Beta used to have 1% to 50% debt and 50% to 99% equity. Now, the portfolio will become as 20% debt and 80% equity. And also based on the performance of the two stocks, they are both un strong stocks which blind drunk that the risk of the Betas portfolio will be increased. However, we can also found that the subject will be much higher. C. Ms. Wolfe is a contrarian investor. Base on the performance of the two stocks, these two stocks were unsteady and the losses rate is much higher than the return rate. III. a. atomic number 20 R. E. I. T. was a real estate investment trust.Their stock had been badly damaged by the World series earthquake of 1989. Base on the Figure 1, it is easily found that the performance of the stock is volatile. Although the trend is alike with the index trend, California R. E. I. T. was still in a bad position. b. Brown Group Inc. was one of the largest manufacturers and retailers of branded footwear, and had been undergoing a major restructuring program since 1989. The stock performed steady and positive. However, there was a significant drop in late 1989 and late 1990. IV. a. The average return of California R. E. I. T. is -2. 7% and the average return of Brown Group Inc. is -0. 67%. The standar d deviation of California R. E. I. T. is 0. 092307 and the standard deviation of Brown Group Inc. is 0. 081668. The standard deviation of S&P index is 0. 46036. Compare with SP500, California R. E. I. T. is more risker. b. In portfolio SPC, the standard deviation is0. 046526 and in SPB the standard deviation is 0. 046419. And the incremental risk of SPC and SPB over a portfolio with 99% in the SP500 and 1% in a risk-free asset are 0. 409504 and 0. 409611. From the data we can see that the California R. E. I. T. affect the portfolio more.The SP500 index is the safest stock and the California R. E. I. T. is still the risker stock. c. The regression of California R. E. I. T. s monthly return on index return was attached as Appendix 1. The coefficient is 0. 011856. The regression of Brown Group Inc. s monthly return on index return was attached as Appendix 2. The coefficient is 0. 013509. We can still bewilder that the California R. E. I. T. is risker stock that affect the portfolio mo re. d. The return of SPC equals to 99%*E(Rindex)+1%*E(Rc) and the return of SPB equals to 99%*E(Rindex) + 1%*E(Rb) and the return of risk-free portfolio is 99%* E(Rindex) + 1%*E(Rf).The excess return for SPC is 1%*E(Rf) -1%*E(Rc) and the excess return for SPB is 1%*E(Rf) -1%*E(Rb). From the expression, we can find that the excess return for each unit is the difference between the expected return of risk-free asset and the expected return of the stock. V. Summary * If the size of account is small, the safer way to maintain and adjust equity market exposure is index. * Create portfolio smarter do not invest all money in champion area. * The excess return of the stock is difference between the return rates. * When investing, index will be a good indication to predict the stocks future trend.

Healthy Habits

There just doesnt seem to be decent hours in the day to accomplish everything you need to do. And it can feel like an added stressor when you are trying to integrate healthy ha tours into your already hectic schedule. But if you view time for healthy habits, youll find yourself with extra reserves of energy that will lower your stress and help you get through lifes challenges. present are a few things you can start doing right now to make healthy habits a relatively painless part of your routine soak up water throughout the day.You dont hear this nearly exuberant water is an all-purpose wonder-substance. Its great for your skin, your digestive system, and circulatory system, and aids in weight loss and cellulite reduction. If you feel fatigued during the day, its often because you arent hydrated properly. Drink water throughout the day, sipping from a large bottle or glass. If you have it nearby, its easy to remember. If you dont like the taste of water, keep a supply of lemon s o that you can add a slice to your water it cuts any bitterness, adds a bit of vitamin C and makes it taste more than festiveCut back on the amount of soda and coffee you drink. Sugar and caffeine dehydrate you and create energy rushes followed by crashes, which are ultimately energy-depleting. Substitute with drinks like green tea or 100% produce juice. Replace high-sugar foods with low-sugar versions. Cutting back on the amount of refined sugar you consume helps reduce calories and weight gain and overly helps you avoid the energy slumps that contract from sugar withdrawal. Items high in refined sugar include most soft drinks, cereals, baked goods, and of course, candy and ice cream.Look for low-sugar or no-sugar versions of these, or simply favor for healthy snacks instead. Stock up on healthy, portable snacks. When you are grocery obtainping, pick up bags of baby carrots, string cheese, nuts, fresh and dried fruit, single overhaul packs of applesauce, yogurt, wholegrain crackers, peanut butter, turkey jerky, etc. Having healthy portable snacks around will help you avoid bad vending-machine, convenience store and fast-food options. Read around more portable snack ideas. Take the time to plan healthy meals for the week. Spend 15 minutes or so to map out your meals. Keep it simple.Then, when you shop for groceries, make your purchases based on the meals you will make during the week. This will help you avoid relying on less healthy take-out or fast food choices. shape even more grocery store tips. Purchase frozen, ready-to-cook ingredients. Frozen fruits and vegetables have high vitamin and mineral content because they dont sit around losing these nutrients for yen before they are preserved. Although youll want to keep plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables around, its great to have frozen produce available for quick meal additions and small servings.Also, some grocery stores offer frozen boneless chicken breasts and a wide variety of seafood item s in re-sealable packages. These are great for quick, healthy meals. Pack your tiffin the night before. Youll have given yourself the gift of extra time in the morning and you will assure that you have a healthy meal during the day. take int forget to pack snack items so you can avoid the vending machine. Cook double batches of whatever youre cooking. When you prepare dinner, especially on weekends, cook extra and freeze to use for another dinner or lunch.Then, youll have a healthy meal ready to go when you are. Give yourself some slack. If you are stressed out about preparing healthy meals every day, use what some experts call the 80/20 rule in your eating. If 80 per centum of what you eat is healthy, then allow yourself to take it a little easier for the remaining 20 percent. You and your diet will survive. Fit in play whenever you can. Experts recommend that adults exercise a minimum of 30 minutes three times per week. Aim for this amount, but dont kick yourself if you cant m eet this goal. each amount of exercise is better than none.No time to go to a gym? Build a stock of exercise tapes many have routines that you can love in 20-40 minutes. Use hand weights or do crunches, leg-lifts and lunges charm watching television. Or invest in an exercise bike you can pedal while catching up on your reading. Think of what would be most interesting to you and what best fits your schedule and budget. Take a walk break during the day. Even 20 minutes can make a difference in your energy level, plus it gives you time to clear your head. If you walk with a friend or colleague, it also gives you time to socialize.Whenever possible, walk. Increase the amount of time you can walk, versus sit or drive. It doesnt take that much extra time to park a bit farther from the store entrance, or to make a personal visit to a colleague rather than phoning, instant messaging or e-mailing. Get enough sleep. Even if you gain more time in your day by cutting back on sleep, you wi ll be less effective throughout the day, as your energy level and cognitive functioning will be reduced. Insufficient sleep also makes you more susceptible to illness. By getting enough sleep, you become more efficient during the time you are awake.

Nutrition †Food Essay

Thesis StatementMost of the college students have unhealthy nutriment preferences. Topic OutlineI.Influence of MediaA. Calorie-dense foods are extremely recognize to consume.B.Causes greater snack food consumption.II.Income of an individualA.Eating healthy is expensive.B.Low income individual eat and buy cheaper foods.III.ConvenienceA.Fast and easy access1.Delivery services2.Ready to eat foodsa. frozen foods1.)TV dinners2.)shelf-stable products3.)prepared mixesB.Saves timeFood, in order to serve its purpose, should first be consumed. Under normal circumstances, food is consumed only if it is palatable enough for the consumer. It therefore becomes a great responsibility of unmatched who prepares and serves food to make the food palatable besides being nutritious and safe. Food habits do not develop in a vacuum. Like early(a) forms of human behavior, they are the result of many soulfulnessal, cultural, social, and psychological influences (Williams, 1974).Nowadays, teenagers choos e food they alike without considering about it contains. Because of busy life, they choose fast food, snack which is non-nutritive over nutritive-rich ones like rice, meat, and do not care if it shortens their life, damage their health or cause many diseases. There are numerous factors that affect the food habits of each person within a culture. Some of this is the societal factor and the lifestyle factor. In societal factor, the food production and distribution system are responsible for the availability of foods which differs from region to region and country to country.Food availability influenced by the socioeconomic and political systems. On the other hand, in lifestyle, both availability and control of food at the societal level affect the lifestyle factors of individuals. These factors includes income, occupation, place of residence, regional differences, religious beliefs, health beliefs, physiological characteristics, puberty, gender, persons state of health and lastly, t he crime syndicate structure and composition (Kittler & Sucher, 2004).

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay

As adults enter the stage of later adulthood, many changes provide demoralize to develop for each person. The aging process includes transitioning from work constituteness to seclusion, changes to roles, social positions, social policies, determining living accommodations with healthc be needs, and relationships with families and peers. The stage known as the golden geezerhood comes with great challenges while adjusting to the many changes in a persons life. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Transition from work to retirementThe transition from a working life to the retirement years chiffonier be a surd process for aging adults as giving up higher salaries for the amount paid for cordial Security is drastically different. Forcing retired adults to look for supplement income during this stage at a lower status than previously held in a prior position. intimately companies offer a pension or 401k invent to help employees plan for a better retirement as it is almost impossibl e to live on Social Security alone. This change also plays a large performer on how the individual views their personal self-worth. Instead of priding themselves in the knowledge of an occupation, retirement forces the person to give up that role in search of another reference to occupy their eon. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Transition from work to retirement Cont.Retirement preserve be an enjoyed time for some quondam(a) adults as they see it as the first time since childhood they are equal to do the things they want in life with verboten worrying about the limits caused by a profession. Others lead struggle to figure out to do with all the extra time during each day. Depending greatly on the attitude a person had toward the many years spentemployed and the mogul to continue financially confirming the extracurricular items they would like to partake in during retirement. Personal well-being plays a large factor in how the adult will handle the retirement years and dete rmine additional health issues a person may face. With a solid retirement plan continuing to support the person financially, this can be a joyous time while others learning to live on a fixed income will notices significant changes to their boilers suit health. These changes are brought on by depression, a feeling of no longer being needed, or the bored from not having a specific task for ordinary living. (Allen, Clark, & Ghent, 2004). Changes in role and social positionAs aging progresses people begin to lose their role and social positions caused by the changes to activities, each person is touch in and illnesses the elderly develop. The lack of physical and mental activities begins to decrease psychomotor skills that affect various aspects of daily living. When people start aging the changes in the efficiency to see and hear begin to decline making it appear as if the person suffers from a decline in mental competency, which may not be the case and it just takes an older pers on longer to process the information that is given to them. Physically the changes to a persons body will begin in middle adulthood with the most noticeable happening in later adulthood. Physical changes in muscle tone and height along with a slower understanding of the world around them creates the perception of the older adult as a weaker person in the eyes of their loved ones and is the time when health issues become more noticeable. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Changes in role and social position Cont.As reaction times slowdown, the elderly begin to lose privileges like driving because the reaction time is greatly affected and is thought to be the cause of additional accidents. Driving is, usually, the first task removed from a person when they are no longer able to operate a vehicle safely without endangering the lives of others. Once a person begins to experience this chemical formula task being taken outside(a) from them it causes the person to become dependent on famil ies or friends to help with their daily needs, and decreases the feeling of self-sufficiency, which causes the change to the role a person has in society. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Changes inmarriage, family and peer relationshipsLater adulthood is the time in life when changes in marriage, families, and peer relationships are affected the most by the loss of someone close to that person. Most people 70 years of age or older are widowed, divorced, or single (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.619). Losing a spouse or close friend can create a sense of loneliness, which causes depression, anxiety and the emptiness feeling can become overwhelming. Depression also leads to psychological effects that will deteriorate a persons health causing the chance for a terminal disease to become much higher. The weaker appearance of older adults causes family and remaining peers to step up in the role of making sure the persons wellbeing is being met. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Living acco mmodations and health bursting charge needsDeclining health and depression are ii of the largest reasons families look into assisted living homes for aging loved ones. Making sure that the health vex needs of the elderly are met becomes a priority for every family as the roles begin to reverse from the parent being the primary caregiver of their children to the children being responsible for meeting the needs of aging parents. Diseases such Alzheimers and dementia are very difficult for not only the older person but for their families as well. As a person with this disease is no longer able to live on their own without the fear of something bad happening while no one else is around to watch over them. The disease affects all normal aspects of a persons life, creating confusion, aggressive behaviors, incontinence, and the inability to meet the daily needs without supervision making it necessary to find a facility that will meet the needs of the patient. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010 ). Finding a facility that will meets all the needs of the older adult and have a level of care that the family desires can be difficult to find. Researching all facilities in the area will help keep a peace of mind for the family and reassure that their loved ones are receiving the care they need. Medical programsHealthcare for older adults is expensive, and since many are living on fixed incomes, they rely on programs such as Medicaid and Medicare to meet theirmedical needs. collectable to the economic status of the government and the high cost of medical care, both of these programs now provide curb services to older adult. The quality of medical care older people will receive will also be lessened as many primary care physicians focus their practice on younger generations, creating an inability to correctly diagnose problems in older adulthood. Treating younger people allows the physicians to make more money off the current Medicare programs because of the limitations in mano euver to restrict additional procedures when needed. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Social policies affecting older adultsSocial policies were created to aid the aging population meet medical, daily and income needs. The Older Americans Act of 1965 was created to ensure that older adults receive benefits of income, adequate housing, community services, and nutrition programs. (Gelfand, & Bechill, 1991). The Supplement Security Income program was designed to provide additional income after retirement for the individuals that worked the required amount of years to receive full benefits. Medicare plans are split into a two-part system that will pay for limited medical expenses incurred after retirement. Part A of the plan pays for limited care during hospital stays, nursing homes, and home health care when needed, while Part B covers physician expenses and out-patient services. Throughout the years, many changes have been made to the policies because of changes in presidency and budge t cuts to the federally funded programs. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). ConclusionThe changes that occur for the older adult population make it necessary for extensive planning during the middle adulthood stage, for retirement and reflecting on how each individual will provide their basic needs when the time comes. Plans will help to ease the stress of aging, put less of a burden on family members, and make sure that the elderly receive the medical attention they need without relying on government assisted programs. Maintaining a presence in social groups will help the overall mental and physical status of the aging population. The future is up to each person to control how they want to live during the last stage of life. (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010).ReferencesAllen, S. G., Clark, R. L., & Ghent, L. S. (2004). Phasing into retirement. The Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 58(1), 112-127. Gelfand, D.E., & Bechill, W. (1991, Summer-Fall). The evolution of the older Americans act a 25-year review of the legislative changes. Generations, 15(3), 19-22. Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th ed.). Mason , Ohio Brooks Cole/Cengage.

Me, Myself: A Rolling Stone Out to Gather Mosses!

Old proverbs made new, so is the scripting of my life so far. and then at the outset I thank the Almighty for presenting me a unparalleled kaleidoscope to look through and to bask in the joy of discovering the unknownThe Journey I breathed first at Taiwan, then turned into teens at Shanghai and now Im busy shaping my life in US. My horizon zoomed on gradually, and surely, it couldnt cook been better I hope someday I could boast about myself as a happy citizen of a global village.Thankfully, it was not the case of uprooting, and alternatively it all went like a series of happy adventure so far. Of course, a few hiccups were t present, but who cares if it overlyk some sweat to rise from a non-starter to a first boy in English Class at 7th grade (Shanghai), or for that matter, to adapt to the ethnic cuisine there? Who cared either, when it took some supererogatory effort to excel in the Basketball Varsity Team in spite of a shorter heightChallenges actually serve as springs beneath the incoming pads so I have learnt from my experience the greater the challenge, the greater the scope to attain a new height I liked them all. With this spirit, this humble lean has now reached the sea, thankfully with time and tide by its side as guardian angels one to provide the power of young mind, and the other, which is YOU, to provide me the scope to use that power, let alone guiding and governing me towards the right direction.As for the rough shades, I am lucky to have seen off the monotony of a mine run life or political storms at places. I still detest the identical uniforms and rigid routines at Taiwan School, or political tension mingled with Taiwan and Shanghai. These are the humdrums Ive left behind.Yet I will obviously carry with me the simplicities of Taiwan and the financial/economic knowledge that I could garner from Shanghai. I would always salute my teachers at Villanova (the premier school of Shanghai) for cementing my basement of knowledge and rousing my craving for more of it. And why not? This business school has fit me bit by bit, to meet all the challenges of academic and social circumstances whatsoever anywhereAnd my parents Words would fall short to describe their contribution in my life. Its because of them I could develop the attitude to find rhythm in diversity, to walk through the tough terrains of the unknown and to appreciate anything good anywhere. Its this attitude that has made my transitions slippy and enjoyable why, today I love English language no less than Taiwanese, or for that matter Chinese. Thanks to the unique and change grooming, today I comprehend one adage from my heart The more you learn, the more it opens up for learning.Coming of Age I love my pond, I love that bigger lake too and now Im excited about my prospect in the sea So what if I think to raise more capillaries in my brain through varied social, academic and spiritual sparks? The bigger the faecal mattervas the bigger scope for its paint erI dream to be a part of the US society, an active pinpoint to its social, academic and cultural chemistry. I dream to be a big fish in Economics. Big fishes need sea, and so I am hereAnd yes It would never be all about taking. Thanks to the new age gurus, Im a firm believer of the Law of Giving. Thus it has to be a unique symbiosis between my world and me.And this is the world for me. Study and masterminding scopes cannot be better than what is available here. The fuss about politics is absent the freedom of expression is super regarded. These are the ideal conditions for a student to grow. Here I will be able to continue my co curricular activities too I can brush up my Basketball skills again, or the debating skills I earned from the Student Association body. I can renew my writing or editing skills. I can unwind with community services. I can bask in the warmth of friendship.Heres the scope. Here I will be able to light a thousand bulbs in the hall of my heart. Its here Ill be able to air, care and share all of me.This place is the ideal example to establish the law of giving. This is my choicest point of departure for actions. And who doesnt know, actions speak louder than words? That is my mantra and with that Im merrily waiting at your gate. Knock knock knock Open the door and let me in Ive wonderful dreams waiting to be unearthed. Let that happen hereEnds

Doing Business in Thailand

siamese connectionlands booming economy has encouraged me to begin a new business relationship with a highly recognized Siamese company. I manufacturer a line of products for the sugar processing industry. I recently signed a one-year contract with Thai Chemiclas and Engineering Co. Ltd., located in Bangkok, to be my exclusive representative in the Thailand area. Thai Chemicals and Engineering lead promote my product line and get it into the either the sugar mills in the area. They will leverage two containers per month for which we have negotiated a compatible price.The containers will be shipping out of Savannah, atomic number 31 with a final destination of the port of Bangkok. The shipping terms will be CIF Bangkok. I distinguishable to use a local company to represent my product line for various reasons. First of all, I need someone that knows the culture and business environment who has an realized relationship with other locals. Once my products break known, I would like to establish a factory in Thailand. Therefore, I found it necessary to profit all the information required to begin a new business in Thailand.Although business rear end be 100 % owned by foreign investors, some are reserved for 51 % Thai ownership. People of any nationalities can participate in ownership to varying degrees through sole ownership, a limited companycorporation, an ordinary partnership, a limited partnership, or a branch of a foreign corporation. The Ministry of Commerces subdivision of Commercial Registration is directly in charge of company registration.The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is a well-developed monetary institution which welcomes foreign investment.Bangkoks modern Don Muang International Airport can easily serve your arrivals or connections. Thailand is equipped with an extensive and ever-developing transport infrastructure and an extensive state-run rail system. There are numerous shipping ports including Bangkoks Klong Toey Port and the Eastern Seaboards Mab Ta Phut and Laem Chabang deep-sea ports within 200 kilometres of Bangkok.Typical business hours are for banks and monetary institutions, Monday Friday 930 a.m. 330 p.m. Government offices, Monday -Friday 830 a.m. 430 p.m. (closed twelve noon 1 p.m.) private business, Monday Friday from 830 p.m. 530 p.m.The Royal Thai Government (RTG) has been bring down import duties and trade barriers as part of its obligations as a founding member of the World softwood Organization (WTO) and as a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free wiliness Area (AFTA).A Factory Establishment Licence must be obtained from the Ministry of Industry. Fees depend on machinery mogul rating and the number of employees.Arbitrary customs valuation procedures constitute another barrier to U.S. exports. The Thai springer Department may use as a check price the highest previously invoiced price of a product imported from any given country and may disregard actual in voiced values in favor of the check price for assessment purposes.On June 6, 1995, the Thai Cabinet approved a polity to require, on a case by case basis, countertrade on government procurement contracts valued at over 500 million baht ($20 million)Thailand maintains several programs that subsidize exports, including preferential financing for exporters. Thailands export-import bank, established in September 1993, is responsible for some of these programs, particularly the packing credit program.One of the most declamatory trade issues between the United States and Thailand has been the extent of Thailands protection for U.S. copyright, patent and trademark holders. The Kingdom of Thailand respects all international laws regarding copyrights and trademarks.Thailand passed a new copyright law in December 1994 that strengthened legal copyright protection and increased the penalties for copyright attackAmendments to the trademark law in 1992 provide higher penalties for infringemen t and extend protection to services, certification, and collective marks.Under current Thai regulation, only persons of Thai nationality may be licensed in many professional services, including accounting, architecture, engineering, construction management, brokerage services and legal services. However, there is supply to revise these regulations.The announcement of National Executive Council No. 281, commonly known as the Alien ancestry Law, limits foreign equity in many Thai firms to less than fifty percent. The Treaty of Amity and economical Relations between Thailand and the United States provides for 100 percent U.S. ownership of companies in most industries. Businesses in the palm of communications, transport, fiduciary functions, natural resources, or trade in agricultural products are excluded from treaty coverage.The Communications say-so of Thailand imposes stringent equity and revenue sharing requirements on International Value Added Network Service (IVANs) provider s.In conclusion, The World Bank predicts that Thailand will be the worlds eighth largest economy within 20 years by the year 2020. Thailand will have a larger economy than Brazil, Britain, France, Italy and Taiwan. Thailands own National Economic and affable Development Board has seen a doubling of the economy in the year 2000 and the Kingdom ranking basic in Southeast Asia, among the seven ASEAN states. I feel that this is the perfect timing to invest and I am confident that my business will prosper.

Classical Music Essay

Introduction euphony is found in every kn sustain culture, past and present, varying wildly in the midst of times and places. Since solely people of the world, including the most isolated tribal groups, do a chance variable of medication, it may be reason out that symphony is handlely to rescue been present in the ancestral population prior to the dispersal of human being around the world. Consequently melody may have been in existence for at least 50,000 eld and the first practice of medicine may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a fundamental office of human life. The music of the keen period is characterized by homophonic texture, or an obvious business with meeter. These tonic melodies tended to be around voice-like and singable, allowing composers to really replace singers as the focus of the music. Instrumental music therefore rapidly replaced opera house and other sung forms (such(prenominal) asoratorio) as the favorite of the musi cal audience and the epitome of great composition. However, opera did not disappear during the spotless period, several composers began producing operas for the world(a) worldly concern in their native languages (previous operas were generally in Italian).along with the gradual displacement of the voice in favor of stronger, cle arr melodies, counterpoint also typically became a decorative flourish, often used near the end of a work or for a unmarried movement. In its stead, simple patterns, such as arpeggios and, in piano music, Alberti bass (an accompaniment with a restate pattern typically in the left hand), were used to liven the movement of the piece without creating a confusing growthal voice. The now- everyday instrumental music was dominated by several well-defined forms the sonata, the symphony, and the concerto, though none of these were specifically defined or taught at the time as they are now in music theory. all(prenominal) three derive from sonata form, which is both the overlying form of an entire work and the expression of a whiz movement.Sonata form matured during the authorised era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions finishedout the nineteenth century. The early Classical period was ushered in by the Mannheim School, which included such composers as Johann Stamitz, Franz Xaver Richter, Carl Stamitz, andChristian Cannabich. It exerted a grievous influence on Joseph Haydn and, through him, on all subsequent European music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the central figure of the Classical period, and his phenomenal and varied output in all genres defines our perception of the period. Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert were transitional composers, confidential information into the Romantic period, with their expansion of existing genres, forms, and even functions of music.PERIODSMedievalWhen we explore Medieval music, we are dealing with the long-dated and most distant period of musical history. It includes the Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant is monophonic, meaning music that consists of moreover one dulcet line without accompaniment. Polyphony, music where twain or more melodic lines are perceive simultaneously, did not exist (or was not knotted) until the 11th century. Unlike chant, polyphony required the participation of a composer to accord the melodic lines in a pleasing manner.RenaissanceIn the mid-1500s, a prominent bishop commented that music self-possessed for the church should reflect the meaning of the words so that the listeners would be moved to piety. This concept seems like a no-brainer today, exactly it was a fairly new idea at the time. To suggest that Medieval composers had no require to write expressive music would be unfair. But, it was the rediscovery of ancient Greek ideals in the Renaissance that inspired legion(predicate) musicians to explore the eloquent possibilities of their art. The increased value of individualism in the Renaissance is reflected b y the changing parting of the composer in society. Unlike most of their Medieval predecessors, the great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes. Sacred music was still predominant, though secular music became more prevalent and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music also began to expand fundamentally. New instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal (both keyboard instruments) and many existing instruments were improved. churrigueresque (1600-1750)Johann Sebastian bach, George Frideric Handel, Johann Pachelbel, Antonio Vivaldi fancy music is often highly ornate, colorful and richly textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very beginning of the Baroque era, around 1600. Musics ability to express human emotions and thread natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic w riting became progressively important. Homophonic music features a clear distinction surrounded by the melody line and an subsidiary accompaniment part.The orchestra evolved during the early Baroque, starting as an accompanist for operatic and vocal music. By the mid-1600s the orchestra had a life of its own. The concerto was a favorite Baroque form that feature a solo instrumentalist (or small ensemble of soloists) vie against the orchestra, creating interesting contrasts of volume and texture. many another(prenominal) Baroque composers were also virtuoso performers. For example, Archangelo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque melody lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity.Classical (1750-1820)Johann Christian Bach, Ledwig van Beethoven, Franz Joseph haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus The word Classical has strong connotations, conjuring up the art and philosoph y of antediluvian patriarch Greece and Rome along with their ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and melodically ornate. The composers of the early Classical period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler in texture. Homophonymusic in which melody and accompaniment are distinctdominated the Classical style, and new forms of composition were developed to pacify the transformation. Sonata form is by far the most important of these forms, and one that continued to evolve throughout the Classical period.Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was quite different. One of the most important developments of the Classical period is the growth of the public concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a significant role in musical life, it was now accomplishable for composers to survive without being the employee of one person or family. This also me ant that concerts were no longer limited to rook drawing rooms. Composers started organizing concerts featuring their own music, and often attracted striking audiences.The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong furbish up on the growth of the orchestra. Although chamber music and solo works were played in the home or other intimate settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for big public spaces. As a result, symphonic music (including opera and oratorio) became more extroverted in character. Composers gradually expanded the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision.Romantic (1820-1915)Johannes Brahms, Claude Debussy, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Romanticism implies fantasy, spontaneity and sensuality. The Classical period focused on morphologic clarity and emotional restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so passionate that it could overwhelm a works equilibrium. Beethoven w ho was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to suffer that balance. Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethovens model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose organize was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story-telling became important, and not just in opera, but in pure instrumental music as well. The tone-poem is a particularly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was entirely dependent on the scene being depicted or the story being told. tinct was another important feature of Romantic music. New instruments were added to the orchestra and composers experimented with ways to get new sounds from existing instruments. A colossal palette of musical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In addition to seek ing out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. Nationalism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly impatient in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone-poems and other Classical forms.The Romantic period was the crest of the virtuoso. Exceptionally gifted performersand particularly pianists, violinists, and singersbecame enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that women in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed an unprecedented glorification of the artistwhether musician, poet or cat stepthat has had a powerful impact o n our own culture.Modern (ca, 1915-Present)Aaron Copland, George GershwinThe late Romantic period featured its own extremes sprawling symphonies and tone-poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch harmony and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to cipher some early twentieth century music as an extension of the late Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be interpreted as a response against that style. 20th century music is a series of isms and neo-isms. The primal energy of Stravinskys Rite of shrink has been called neo-Primitivism. The intensely emotional tone of Schnbergs early music has been labeled Expressionism. The return to clearly incorporate forms and textures has been dubbed neo-Classicism.These terms have been employed in an attempt to organize the diversity of styles running through the 20th century. Nationalism continued to be a strong musical influence in the first fractional of the century. The story of folk lines enriched the mu sic of numerous composers, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland (USA). Jazz and popular musical styles have also been tremendously influential on unstained composers from both the United States and Europe. Technology has played a increasingly important role in the development of 20th century music. Composers have used transcription videotape as a compositional tool (such as Steve Reichs Violin Phase). Electronically generated sounds have been used both on their own and in combination with traditionalinstruments. More new-madely, computer technology has been used in a variety of ways, including manipulating the performance of instruments in real time.CharacteristicsGiven the extremely roomy variety of forms, styles, genres, and historical periods generally perceived as being described by the term unequivocal music, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. V ague descriptions are plentiful, such as describing classical music as anything that lasts a long time, a statement made rather disputable when one considers contemporary composers who are described as classical or music that has certain instruments like violins, which are also found in other genres. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that fewer or no other genres of music contain.LiteratureThe most outstanding characteristic of classical music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various part are coordinated. The written quality of the music has, in addition to preserving the works, enabled a high level of complexness within them Bachs fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in cou nterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonized logic that would be unworkable in the heat of live improvisation.InstrumentationThe instruments used in most classical music were by and large invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier), and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra, together with a few other solo instruments (such as thepiano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely cognize medium for classical music. The orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families. Electric instruments such as the electric guitar appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and the sounds of instruments from other cultures such as thegamelan.None of the bass instruments existed until the Renaissance. In Medieval music, instruments are divided in two categories loud instruments for use outdoors or in church, and quieter instruments for indoor use. The Baroque orchestra consisted of flutes, oboes, horns and violins, occasionally with trumpets and timpani. Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments.On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries. While equal character became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament. Keyboards almost all share a common layout (often called the piano keyboard).FormWhereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music11 these include the concerto, symphony, sonata, suite, tude, symphonic poem, and others. Classical composers often aspire to imbue their music with a very complex relationship between its affective (emotional) content and the intellectual means by which it is achieved. Many of the most esteemed works of classical music make use of musical development, the process by which a musical idea or motif is repeated in different contexts or in altered form. The sonata form andfugue employ severe forms of musical development. The other notable form in classical music is opera.Technical executionAlong with a desire for composers to attain high technical achievement in writing their music, performers of classical music are faced with similar goals of technical mastery, as demonstrated by the proportionately high amount of schooling and private study most successful classical musicians have had when compared to popular genre musicians, and the large number of secondary schools, including conservatories, dedicated to the study of classical music. The only other genre in the occidental world with comparable secondary education opportunities is jazz.ComplexityProfessional performance of classical music repertoire demands a significant level of proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, thorough understanding of tonal and harmonic principles, knowledge of performance practice, and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom inherent to a given period, composer or musical work are among the most essential of skills for the classically trained musician.Works of classical repertoire often exhibit artistic complexity through the use of counterpoint, thematic development, phrasing, harmonization, modulation (change of key), texture, and, of course,musical form itself . Larger-scale compositional forms (such as that of the symphony, concerto, opera or oratorio, for example) usually represent a hierarchy of smaller units consisting of phrases,periods, sections, and movements. Musical depth psychology of a composition aims at achieving greater understanding of it, leading to more meaningful hearing and a greater appreciation of the composers style. SocietyClassical music regularly features as background music for movies, television programmes, advertisements and events. Nessun dorma from Giacomo Puccinis opera Turandot for example was the theme tune for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.Relation to Education passim history, parents have often made sure that their children receive classical music training from a schoolgirlish age. any(prenominal) parents pursue music lessons for their children for social reasons or in an effort to instill a sense of self-discipline. Some believe that knowledge of important works of classical music is part of a good general e ducation. During the 1990s, several interrogation papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called theMozart effect an observed temporary, small efflorescence of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozarts works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in temper suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students IQ by 8 to 9 points This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by a New York Times music columnist researchers have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter.Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. In 19961997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age studen ts in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research farther indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores.Students who listened to rock-and-roll or nation had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is brooding of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. OConnell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro etc.) and others who has significant results through the discourse of their work.SUMMARYPersonally, I listen to classical music and this is my topic for my ongoing thesis, listening to classical music somehow brings you back to old times, helps me to appreciate art and improves my cognition.Classical music is a music that never gets old, a gift that we, the new generation must take care of.

The Developement of Polyphony

Rick Serra Professor Graham symphony History 1 2 October 2012 The Development of Polyphony Polyphony is a practice of medicineal c at oncept that all in all revolutionized music as a whole. The development of polyphony began to take shape around the 11th century. When lecture about polyphony, we are referring to a texture make up of two or more commutative melodic voices, as opposed to music with just angiotensin converting enzyme voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).Although we have an overall determineing when polyphony came about, some(prenominal) historians are still concealed in speculation and theories. Despite its beginnings we can assume that polyphony existed in one form or another somewhere else before it grew in the West. Some scholars suggest that grow may lie in Greek music, when the technique of improvising on the same melody could be found, alike known as heterophony. Others opinionate that its origins re st in the natural variations in voice placement from one soulfulness to another.This is best described as when two different voices would sing the same melody using the nearly comfortable damps of their ranges, causing a succession of parallel intervals to be produced. It can also be viewed as a result of philosophical assumption on the possibility of synchronized interval performances. In order to understand the earliest stages of its development, we must rely on theoretical treatises. These are the technical descriptions of part render, that have a distinguishing name, organum.Organums can be found in theoretical works by the one- 9th and tenth centuries, but we do not find any signs of the early history or an bail bond to any specific region in them. Conversely, these treatises describe and arrange practices that may well have been general and could be considered a custom, not a novelty. Another theory of when European polyphony came about begins when the argument between the Western and Eastern churches reached a crisis in 1054. When that was taking place, scholars believe polyphony slowly made its way into church music.So instead of monophony or heterophony, we started seeing separate voices sing together, not in unison or octaves but as diverging parts. In the eleventh century, when singers began improvising under the limits of certain rules left field from simple parallel motion to give these parts some independence, a development unique to music history began. This was not a speedy process though, there were no sudden, sharp breaks with the past, these changes came about gradually.Although we precept polyphony develop from the churches, we have good reason to believe that polyphony existed in Europe ache before it was first unmistakably described. Melodic doubling at the third, fourth, or fifth, along with heterophony is found in many cultures and probably existed also in Europe. Unfortunately, no documents of such early European polyphony sur vive. only when the first clear depiction of music for more than one vocal part, written in the ninth century, absolutely refers to a practice already in use, not a new one existence proposed.Passages in an anonymous treatise, Musica enchiriadis and in a dialogue associated with it, Scolica enchiriadis, describe and illustrate two distinct kinds of singing together, both labeled by the name organum. People would sing in parallel fourths sometimes results in a tritone. To evade this undesirable sound, a rule banned the organal voice from going below G or C in these circumstances. Instead, it was expected to stay on one note until it was safe once again to proceed in parallel fourths without meeting another tritone.Under this practice, the organal part became separated from the plainchant and a larger diversity of synchronized intervals came into use, not all of them familiar consonances. This lead to what we now know and understand as todays standard notation and rules for writing polyphony. Works Cited The Beginning of Polyphony. About. com Music Education. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http//musiced. about. com/od/historyofmusic/a/polyphony. htm>. Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay. Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music. New York W. W. Norton &, 2010.Print. polyphonous Development and the Importance of the Polyphonic Era. Music of Yesterday. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <www. musicofyesterday. com/history/general/Polyphonic_Development_and_the_Importance_of_the_Polyphonic_Era. php>. Polyphony. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/polyphony>. 1 . Music of Yesterday 2 . A History of Western Music 3 . A History of Western Music 4 . A History of Western Music 5 . A History of Western Music

Psychology, IT and Individualism Essay

As info technology continues to develop with more than people getting exposed to it, numerous changes are also taking place the field of psychological science. Previously, umteen IT analysts frequently argued that psychology was taking longer than enough to implement and adopt technological advancements. However, recent seekes omen that the practices and methods apply in psychology have greatly transformed as a result of changes in information technology. First, the internet has been one of the major latest trends in psychology it is highly associated with psychopathology (Wilson 2004).For instance, depressive disorder and loneliness have often been connected to the excess use of the internet since it results to addiction. Secondly, there is the use of information technology in counsellor and mental hygiene. This is currently being done via the internet this has resulted to some lack of c everywheret and confidentiality as well as loss of effectiveness in the practice sinc e some important features such(prenominal)(prenominal) as facial expression and verbal expression has been lost (Wilson 2004).IT is also applied in research and development in psychology to enhance further growth and generation of useful knowledge. For instance, the authors of the current DSM IV-TR applied computerized criteria in revising the classification of disorders in the manual to come with a less flawless mensuration of categorizing disorders and disabilities. Using IT, todays psychotherapists have been able to make numerous improvements in the way done which they can reach, counsel and correspond with their clients (discussed in the next section) (Azucena, Hunter, 2001).The growth of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy refers to private case-by-case counseling by professional psychotherapists. As a highly growing trend in psychology, mental hygiene is use by psychotherapists to assist them in developing deliberate interpersonal relationships with their clients as a scheme for helping the patient to improve their well being. The trend applies many modern-day techniques of building closer relationships with the patients such as face to face dialogues, home phone calls and regular visits of the therapist to the client (Azucena, Hunter, 2001).This trend is essentially aimed at improving the mental health of the patient through interpersonal relationships. This represents a great dismission in the nature of counseling psychology, psychiatry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology and other assortd fields in psychology. In essence, psychotherapy is not a new trend in the field of psychology since over the years, people have received private reassurance and counsel from others what is new and becoming increasingly famous in psychology is the application of modern and deliberate professional techniques in psychotherapy.Such psychotherapeutic techniques include online counseling whereby a therapist handles client personally through creating client accounts where he can easily relate with the client on one-on-one(but not face-to-face) bases (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Most of the new psychotherapeutic techniques are possible because of the advancements in the use of information technology in the field of psychology as discussed above. For instance, therapists encourage clients to use social networks to be able to communicate easily with them and their families.In addition, they also approve the use of phone calls whereby clients are reposition to call their physicians at any time of the day so that they can discuss their issues at convenience. However, modern psychotherapy is not without a number of flaws. Recently, concerns have greatly risen concerning the advancement of individualism in psychotherapy (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999). Psychotherapy encourages individualism on both the therapist and the client.Individualism is a term used in psychology to refer to ways through which people recognize themselves only and concentrate on indi vidual goals as opposed to collectivism. In this sense, psychotherapist no longer view psychotherapy as a collective discipline that require combined efforts with other experts in the field since they are in a position to carry out counseling and psychiatry without involving anybody elsethey can visit their clients at home, inflict with them online and make home phone class with them.This has resulted to a great decline in the success of psychology as a collective discipline (Tredinnick, Fowers, 1999 Azucena, Hunter, 2001). Conclusion The use IT in psychology and the advancement in psychotherapy are important developments in psychology and should be highly encouraged. However, it is upon therapists and other psychological professionals to understand that this new trends are used effectively to prevent the decline evident in cooperation among professional bodies in the field of psychology due to individualism.References Azucena, P. G. , Hunter, H. G. (2001) Redefining Therapeutic S uccess with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Cyber-psychology & Behavior, 4(3), pp. 484-489. Fowers, B. J. , Tredinnick, M. G. (1999). Individualism and psychotherapy are psychologists leading or following individualistic trends? Counseling, Psychology Quarterly, 12(3) pp. 303-313 Wilson, J. T. et al (2004). Current trends in psychology and the behavioral sciences. University of Pittsburgh press Pittsburgh, PA.